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Sligo Abbey (Irish: Mainistir Shligigh ), a ruined abbey in Sligo, Ireland, (officially called the Dominican Friary Sligo) was originally built in 1253 by order of Maurice Fitzgerald, Baron of Offaly. It was destroyed in 1414 by a fire, ravaged during the nine years of war in 1595 and once in 1641 during the Ulster rebellion. ^{[ Citation needed ]} The monks moved into the 18th century, menLord Palmerston restored the Abbey in the 1850s. Currently, it is open to the public.

It operates in two short stories by William Butler Yeats: The Crucifixion of Outcast , as in the Middle Ages, and The Curse of the fires and the shadowsthat describes its destruction in 1641. ^[1]

See also 

• List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Sligo)

References 

1. Jump up ^ Steven Putzel (1986). Reconstruct Yeats: The Secret Rose and the wind in the reeds. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 12. ISBN 978-0-389-20600-2.

Knocknarea (/ n ɒ kn ə r eɪ /; Irish: Cnoc na Riabh ) ^[2] is a great hill west of Sligo town in County Sligo, Ireland.

327 meters (1073 feet) high limestone hill is visually striking, because it is monolithic in appearance and stands in a prominent place on the Cúil wandering the peninsula between the bays of Sligo ochBallysadare. At the summit is a large hill (or heap) of the loose stones. Although it has not been excavated, believed to hide a Neolithic passage grave. ^[1]

Name

Knocknarea is a anglisering of an Irish name. “Knock” means hill, but the etymology of the rest of the name is disputed. The placenta Database of Ireland gives the Irish name Cnoc na Riabh (meaning “hill of stripes”). ^[1] But PW Joyce preferred the interpretation Cnoc na Riaghadh ( “hill of executions”). Cnoc na Riogha ( “hill of the kings “) have also been proposed ^[1]that has Cnoc na Ré (” hill of the moon “).

Medb’s Cairn

On top of Knocknarea is a huge mound about 55 meters (180 feet) wide and 10 meters (33 feet) high, making it the largest such cairn in Ireland outside the Brú na Bóinne complex in County Meath. Although it is still unexcavated, and is one of the largest of these monuments still unexplored, it has many of the features of a classic passage grave. ^[3] It is known in Irish asMeascán Méabha ^[1] or Miosgan Meadhbha ^{[4 ]} importance Medb’s rags (Miosgán means a lump or tap, esp. butter). In English it is known variously as Medb’s Cairn Medb’s grave, Medb nipple or Medb’s tomb (sometimes called Medb’s anglicised as Maeve). It is believed to date to about 3000 f.Kr ..^[4] Méabh is a figure in Irish mythology which has in stories that go to the early first millennium CE. Archaeologist Stefan Bergh, in his book Landscape of monuments (Stockholm, 1995), suggests that a great depression some distance west of the mound was the quarry from which the limestone monument was taken.

Listoghil (part of Carrowmore) with Knockarea and Méabh s Cairn in the background

other monuments

Méabh’s Cairn, but by far the largest, is just one of a number of monuments on the top of Knocknarea. In general, the graves are aligned north-south, and they may have been built to meet Carrowmore lowland. Many of the smaller tombs seem to have been small passage tombs; the severely damaged by excavations of antiquarians in the 19th century. ^[5]

Knocknarea seems to have been a great place of ritual and the meeting of the Neolithic era. The entire top of the mountain on the east side surrounded by a one kilometer (0.6 mi) -Long dike, 2 meters (2 yd) wide and 0.8 meters (3 feet) long. Hut sites have been located on the inside of this area. A large amount of debris from making stone tools have been collected. ^[5]

The area around Sligo Bay is rich in prehistoric remains, and shares similar monuments and natural forms. From Knocknarea can be seen elsewhere, such as CroaghaunMountain, Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery, and Cairns Hill. Carrowmore passage tomb cemetery is located at the eastern foot of Knocknarea.

Beach, coastal resort, located on the western foot of Knocknarea.Cullenamore an extensive beach area, is further south, and the southern aspect of Knocknarea utsiktBallysadare Bay.

Conservation

Conservation issues of Knocknarea and Méabh’s Cairn has been discussed in the local press. ^[6] A large number of visitors causes damage to the heap.Visitors are asked not to climb on the cairn, and not to take the stones from the cairn.

References

1. ^ Jump up to: ^abcdef MountainViews.ie
2. Jump up ^ “Cnoc na Riabh / Knocknarea”. Logainm.ie (in Irish). Pulled 02/12/2015.
3. Jump up ^ Bergh, Stefan (1995) Landscape of monuments. A study of the passage tombs in Cúil wander region, Co. Sligo, Ireland . Stockholm: National Heritage Archaeological UndersökningarISBN 9171929452
4. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Scarre, Christopher (2002). Monuments and landscapes of the Atlantic Ocean Europe: Perception and society during the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Routledge. p. 145. ISBN 978-0415273145.
5. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Bergh, Stefan. (1995) Landscape of monuments. A study of the passage tombs in Cúil wander region, Co. Sligo, Ireland .Stockholm: National Heritage Archaeological Investigations
6. Jump up ^ “Sligo Weeke: Thousands of feet of destroying our heritage.”09.29.2007. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Taken 12/02/2015.

Benbulbin , ^{[1] [2]} sometimes spelled Ben bulb or Benbulben (from the Irish: Binn Ghulbain ), is a large rock formation in County Sligo, Ireland. It is part of Dartry mountains, in an area which is sometimes called “Yeats country”. ^{[3] [4] [5]}

Benbulbin is a protected area, designated as a County Geological Site Sligo County Council. ^{[6] [7]}

Etymology

“Legs bulb”, “Benbulben”, and “Benbulbin” are all anglicisations of Irish name “Binn Ghulbain”. “Binn” means “top” or “mountain”, while “Ghulbain” means beak or jaw in Irish. The literal translation is “beak” or “jaw” peak. ^[3]

The name is also reflected in the name of the king Conall Gulban, a son of Niall of the nine hostages that were associated with the mountain, but he was named after the mountain or mountain after him is not clear. ^{[3] [8]}

Geology

Formation

A snowy view of Benbulbin, seen from Streedagh Beach, near Grange.

Benbulbin was formed during the Ice Age, when Ireland was under glaciers.Originally it was a great plateau. Glaciers move from northeast to southwest shaped it to its current distinctive formation. ^{[4] [9]}

Rock composition

Benbulbin, and the Dartry Mountains as a whole, is composed of limestone on top mudstones. These stones are formed in the area some 320 million years ago in a shallow sea. At the top of the limestone layer is a thicker, harder limestone called Dartry Limestone Formation. Below this is a thinner transition limestone formation – Glencar Limestone Formation. Further down, the lower slopes consists of shaly mudstone called Benbulben Shale Formation. Scree deposits are found near the base. ^{[4] [6]}

Fossils found throughout the layers of mountains. All layers have many fossil seashells. Slate stock also has certain corals. ^[6]

Barytes broken at Glencarbury close Benbulbin in Dartry range between 1894 and 1979. ^[6]

climbing

Benbulbin is an established walking destination. ^{[10] [11] [12]} If the stage with The North Face, it is a dangerous pitch. The side bears the brunt of the high winds and storms coming in from the Atlantic. But if approached by the south side, it is an easy walk, as the side slopes very gently. On arrival at the top, the climber is rewarded with a magnificent view of the coastal strip north Co. Sligo and the Atlantic Ocean. ^[4] The land adjacent to the impressive western edge of the ridge is privately owned agricultural land and not available for allmänheten.Men there is a paved road up the south side of the east near Glencar Waterfall Leitrim County just over the border.

Flora and fauna

Benbulbin host a unique combination of plants, including some organisms are anywhere else in Ireland. Many Arctic-alpine plants, because of the mountain height, which allows for cooler temperatures than normal. These plants were deposited when the glaciers that created Benbulbin melted. Wild hares and foxes inhabit Benbulbin. ^[4]

In 2012, research showed that fringed sandwort had survived the Ice Age and are perhaps 100,000 years old. In Ireland, the plant is unique to Benbulbin.The discovery questioning earlier agreed that Ireland’s flora and fauna date or after the end of the Ice Age. ^[13]

In Irish history

Irish legends

Benbulbin is the determination of several Irish legends. It is said to be one of the bases for hunting Fianna, a band of warriors who are said to have lived in the 3rd century. An example is a story where the warrior Diarmuid Ua Duibhne (Diarmuid) fooled by the giant Fionn mac Cumhaill (Finn McCool) into fighting an enchanted boar, which later kills the warrior by piercing his heart with its tusk. The mountain is said to be Diarmuid and Gráinne’s resting place. Even in the 6th century, St. Columba fought a battle on the plains below Benbulbin at CUL Dreimhne (Cooladrumman) for the right to copy a Psalter he had borrowed from St. Finnian. ^[14]

Irish civil War

On 20 September 1922 under the Irish Civil War, an Irish Republican Army each column, including an armored car corners in Sligo. The car was destroyed by another armored car belonging to the Irish Free State’s National Army, and six of the IRA soldiers fled up Benbulbin slopes. In the end, all were killed, reportedly after they had surrendered. They are known as “Noble Six”. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

Brig Seamus Devin TD, Div. Adj. Brian MacNeill, Captain. Harry Benson, Lieut. Paddy Carroll, Vols. Tommy Langan and Joe Banks were killed on the mountain. ^[15] The six anti-Treaty fighters hunted on the slopes of Benbulbin and killed by Free State forces who were out to avenge the murder of Brigadier Joseph ring eight days earlier. Two of those killed and Ring were the ancestors of today and the new politicians: Call is the great uncle Michael Ring, is McNeill’s uncle by the Tánaiste and Minister for Equality and Law Reform, Michael McDowell and Devin’s grandfather Jimmy Devins. ^[16] Mary O’Rourke narrated once a radio documentary tells how her grandmother home was used as a hiding place. ^[16]

• Benbulbin northern side.
• Another photograph of the north side.
• As seen from the south.
• Benbulbin, with Sligo Bay in the foreground.
• An eastern view.
• Part of the northern side of Benbulbin.
• The top of Benbulbin.
• A snowy Benbulbin, seen from Streedagh Strand.
• Taken on the N15, north of Sligo town, near the townland of Shannoneighter.

plane crashes

During World War II there were two plane crashes in mountains near Dartry Benbulbin.

On 9 December 1943 the USAAF Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress plane (road from Goose Bay, Labrador to Prestwick, Scotland) crashed on Truskmore just east of Benbulbin. 10 airmen were on board, of whom three died, two on the spot and one from injuries in the crash. ^[17] Local residents carried out a rescue, taking the wounded from the mountain where they were then transferred to Sligo County Hospital. Significant wreckage of the plane stayed on the mountain for many years after the crash, and today limited quantities of aircraft fragments still remain on the site. ^[18]

Near the site of the Flying Fortress crash was a previous crash also includes a military aircraft. On March 21, 1941 an RAF Catalina flying boat (AM265) using the Donegal Corridor crashed into the mountain at Glenade, Co.Leitrim on the east side of Truskmore. All nine airmen on board died in the crash. ^{[18] [19]}

recent history

In the 1970s and 1980s, Sinn Féin engaged in a slogan campaign around the theme of “Brits of Ireland”. Roads and walls throughout Ireland had been marked with these slogans that were Benbulbin 1977. It marked the first ‘Brits Out’ (180 feet wide and 25 feet high) and later with the slogan “H-Block”. ^{[Citation needed ]}

Benbulbin overlooking the village of Mullaghmore, the site of the assassination of Lord Mountbatten in 1979. ^{[20] [21]}

Notable people

The athlete Mary Cullen is from nearby Drumcliffe. ^[22] Andy “The Bull” MacSharry, involved in a famous 17-year conflict to allow access rights over their land, lives near Benbulbin. ^[23]

In literature

Benbulbin has a prominent place in the poetry of WB Yeats, after which Yeats Country units. County Sligo considered integral poet’s work. ^[24] The mountain is one of the destinations in the Passport traces of the poet’s life.^[24]

Yeats wrote in The Celtic Twilight :

Yeats famous poem, in Ben bulb , is basically a description of Yeats Country.It describes the sights he saw in Yeats country. The following is an excerpt from Under Ben Bulben :

This was Yeats last poem, published in The Irish Times . ^[26] He is buried in the nearby Drumcliffe churchyard. ^{[26] [27]}

Benbulbin seen multiple times in locating the film used in the 2014 film, Calvary.

See also

• List of mountains in Ireland
• Wiktionary definition of a bone

References

1. Jump up ^ Benbulbin placental Database of Ireland. Retrieved: 2003-03-19.
2. Jump up ^ Benbulbin Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved: 2003-03-19.
3. ^ Jump up to: ^abc “mountains: Benbulbin in the area Dartry Mountains”.Retrieved 2007-04-04.
4. ^ Jump up to: ^abcde Reader’s Digest natural wonders of the world. The Reader’s Digest Association, Inc., 1988. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
5. Jump up ^ “Yeats Country Drive Sligo”. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
6. ^ Jump up to: ^abcd . Williams, Mary Anne (2008) Landscape, rocks and fossils: geological heritage of County Sligo: A measure of the County Sligo Heritage Plan. Sligo Regional Technical College. pp. 21, 22. ISBN 0955565316th
7. Jump up ^ Marese McDonagh (14 March 2009). “Yeats-link 19th century house demolition can get.” The Irish Times. Retrieved February 7, 2010. Sligo Borough Council has confirmed that it is a recommendation in the recently published draft Sligo Environs Development Plan Markievicz House removed from the list of protected structures. If the elected members vote to delist the building, which in the late 1800s was home to Yeats grandparents, William and Elizabeth Pollexfen, clearing the way for its demolition. […] Stella Mew, CEO of the Yeats Society, which is preparing for the 50th International Yeats Summer School in the summer, says Sligo Yeatsian heritage was “dropped away bit by bit.””Fortunately, Ben bulb and Knocknarea are sacred – they can not delist the mountains or they may be at risk,” she said.
8. Jump up ^ McGarry, James (1976). Place names in the writings of William Butler Yeats. Smythe. p. 21. ISBN 0901072397th
9. Jump up ^ “Rootsweb: IRL-Sligo L Climbing Benbulben”. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
10. Jump up ^ Marese McDonagh (7 January 2010). “10-fold increase in AE patients Sligo”. The Irish Times. Retrieved February 7, 2010. These are not people climbing Ben bulb, “he stressed.” This is beyond people’s front doors when they go on trails or crossing the road.
11. Jump up ^ Lorna Siggins (24 March 2009). “Arrival of the fittest”. The Irish Times. Retrieved February 7, 2010. She is said to be looking forward to climb Ben bulb again, has already done it several times as a student.
12. Jump up ^ “Léargas”. Rte. Retrieved February 7, 2010. When he rises Ben bulb, emergency, he feels the lack of certainty about their right to have access to the highlands.
13. Jump up ^ Edel O’Connell (August 18, 2012). “Researchers find first Irish hardy plant that hit Ice Age.” Irish Independent. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
14. Jump up ^ Bright, Michael (2005). 1001 Natural Wonders You Must See Before You Die. Quintet Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7641-5817-1.
15. Jump up ^ Sligo Benbulbin “The Noble Six Cross” © Copyright Michael Murtagh and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons license.Retrieved 3 June 2012.
16. ^ Jump up to: ^ab “Another link in Ben Bulben story”. Mayo News. 4 May 2006. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
17. Jump up ^ http://www.csn.ul.ie/~dan/war/42-31420.pdf
18. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Dennis P. Burke. “B-17 Flying Fortress 42-31420” (PDF).Retrieved 28 July 2012.
19. Jump up ^ Joe McGowan (2003). “The Donegal corridor and the Battle of the Atlantic”. History of Ireland. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
20. Jump up ^ Kim Bielenberg (11 July 2009). “The day’s death came from a clear blue sky.” Irish Independent. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
21. Jump up ^ Valerie Shanley (23 August 2009). “The shadow of Mullaghmore”. Sunday Tribune. Archived from the original September 9, 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
22. Jump up ^ “Athletics: Cullen back on track after years of hell”. Irish Independent. 5 December 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2010. She is from quaint Drumcliffe, in the heart of Yeats country, surrounded by idyllic sea, sand and Benbulbin but ironically the weather has been unseasonably foul and her preparation makes loneliness long-distance runners.
23. Jump up ^ Anita Guidera (22 September 2009). “Hill’s life 17 years walker series of loose.” Irish Independent. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
24. ^ Jump up to: ^ab . Anita Guidera (29 January 2009) “Poetry fans treading softly on the trail of Yeats’s favorite haunt.” Irish Independent. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
25. Jump up ^ Christopher Somerville (7 November 2009). “Walk of the week: The Rosses Co. Sligo”. Irish Independent. Archived from the original on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
26. ^ Jump up to: ^ab . Joe Joyce (18 September 1948) “WB Yeats laid to rest in Drumcliffe.” The Irish Times. Retrieved February 7, 2010. The scene at Drumcliffe was Yeats himself. In his last poem, published in The Irish Times, he wrote: Under bare Ben Bulben head / in Drumcliffe Church Yeats is laid. . .
27. Jump up ^ Orla Tinsley (18 July 1948). “Irish roll”. The Irish Times.Retrieved February 7, 2010. After a quick leg-stretch in Mullaghmore we travel past the looming presence of Ben bulb on the way to Yeats grave in Drumcliff.

Drumcliff ^[1] or Drumcliffe (Irish: Droim Chliabh , which means “ridge baskets”) is a village in County Sligo, Ireland. It is 8 km (5 miles) north of Sligo town on the N15 road on a low ridge between Mount Ben bulb and Drum bay. It is the Drumcliff River, was originally called “Codnach”, which drains Glencar Lake. ^[2] The name means Codnach chief or prince river. The old name of Drumcliff was Cnoc na Teagh (trans. Hill of). The village is one of several possible locations in Co. Sligo to solve Nagnata as marked on Claudius Ptolemy’s early map of Ireland.

History

An old poem in Dinnsenchus (Lore places) tells how the baskets in the name refers to the basket frames a fleet of boats that once were here.

Drumcliff formed the western extremity of the kingdom Breifne (the east end was Kells), and the northern end of Tir Fhiacrach Múaidhe (Tireragh).

An ancient battle fought here in the AM 3656 (1538 BC) by legendary Milesian monarch Tigearnmas. Tigernmas. Cath Codnaige in Tuath Eba in Cairpre Moir Droma Cliab, fought with Tigernmas AFM

Monastery

St. Colmcille founded a monastery in Drumcliff in around 575. ^{[ citation needed ]} .The monastery was of such importance that it gave its name to the territory of Cairbre Drom Cliabh where it is. The first abbot was St. Mothorian.

Lord of Cairbre “Dunadhach, a noble protector, a famous man who was held hostage, a devout soldier of the race of Conn (buried) in hazelnut cross Drumcliff”

Annals says that in 1225, Amlaib O Beollain, erenach Drumcliff, a man distinguished for generosity and for her guest-house, died this year . The O’Beollain (Boland) were hereditary keepers of Drumcliff monastery.

1187 – Drum plundered by the son Melaghlin O’Rourke, Lord of Hy-Briuin and Conmaicne, and the son of Cathal O’Rourke, along with English Meath. But God and St. Columbkille forged a remarkable miracle in this case; son Melaghlin O’Rourke was killed in Conmaicne two weeks after surgery, and the eyes of the son of Cathal O’Rourke was exhibited by O’Muldory (Flaherty) in revenge Columbkille. One hundred and twenty of the son Melaghlin’s retainers were also killed throughout Conmaicne and Carbury of Drumcliff, through the miracles of God and St. Columbkille.

1355.1 – Conor Mac Consnava, Bishop of Kilmore Breifne from Drumcliff Kells, died.

All that remains now is an Irish High Cross dating to the 9th century, ^{[ citation needed ]} and destroyed 10 or 11 century round tower, the only one known in County Sligo, was the round tower struck by lightning in 1396. ” Celtic high crosses Drumcliff. “ Furthermore, the cross-decorated tiles are built into the walls of the current church.

William Butler Yeats

Drumcliff is the final resting place of poet WB Yeats (1865-1939), who is buried in the cemetery of St. Columba’s Church of Ireland Church. Even Yeats died in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France in January 1939, his remains were brought home to Ireland with the Irish Naval Service and re-buried at Drumcliff in 1948 in the presence of a large number of locals and dignitaries including Minister of Foreign Affairs, Seán MacBride, who represented government. ^[3] His reads epitafium

“Cast a cold eye

In the life of death

Horseman, pass ”

Yeats grandfather was the headmaster of Drumcliff as John Butler Yeats remarked in a letter to his son William in 1913: “My father, tho ‘a low Churchman, hated Presbyterianism and Presbyterians Why Because he knew that members of his own family, the Catholic.? farmers in Drumcliff. in his time there were forty houses between the rectory gate and the round tower, now there is just one. in my grandfather’s time, he and the parish priest friends. Maynooth did not exist, and the priest educated in the liberal atmosphere of a French college, and possibly both read Voltaire and Gibbon.one of the farmers said that he remembered the priest get up a bonfire to celebrate my grandfather’s return to the congregation from a lengthy stay in Dublin. ”

• Grave of WB Yeats in Drum Cemetery
• The round tower in Drumcliff
• Celtic High Cross in Drum Cemetery
• Drumcliffe graveyard

See also

• List of towns and villages in Ireland

References

1. Jump up ^ “Chliabh Droim / Drum | placental Database of Ireland “.logainm.ie. Pulled 02/07/2016.
2. Jump up ^ “DOI: Onomasticon Goedelicum (C)”. publish.ucc.ie. Pulled 02/07/2016.
3. Jump up ^ Foster, Roy (2003). WB Yeats: A Life, Vol. II: The Arch-Poet 1915-1939. New York:. Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-818465-4.

Carrowmore, County Sligo (Irish: An Cheathrú Mhor , meaning large district) is one of the four great passage tomb complex in Ireland. It is located in the geographical center of Cúil wander Peninsula in County Sligo and 3 km west of Sligo town.

This is one of the largest (in terms of number of monuments) complex of megalithic tombs in Ireland and is also among the oldest use of the passage tombs, the earliest fallout around 3700 BC.

Place

Finding Carrowmore: From the south (N4) for Collooney roundabout, exit Beach / Airport. Follow road Beach (R292). Take the right exit at the roundabout Ransboro, the center 1 km further on, on the right side. From the North (N15), cross Hughes Bridge in Sligo town, and at the 5th set of traffic lights after the bridge turn right into Church Hill. After 2 km take the left fork, signed Carrowmore. The center is located 1 km from here, to the left.

Placed on a small plateau at an altitude of between 36.5 and 59 meters above sea Carrowmore is the focus of a prehistoric ritual landscape dominated by Mount Knocknarea to the west with the big heap of Miosgán Médhbh on top.To the east is Carns Hill with two large mounds overlooking Lough Gill, and along the eastern border of the peninsula Ballygawley mountain has four passage tombs at their tops. ^[1]

Description

30 monuments survive in Carrowmore today. There may have been more complex monuments in the beginning, but some fell victim to the quarrying and field clearance below 18, 19 and early 20’s. The complex is about one kilometer north-south and 600 meters east-west. Most of the sites are “satellite tombs” that surrounds the main monument, located at the height of the plateau, the cairn (now restored) called Listoghil.

Due to the grouping of monuments, some morphological characteristics presented by the graves, and the assemblage of materials in some of the monuments Carrowmore – somNewgrange, Loughcrew and Carrowkeel – classified by archaeologists as part of the Irish Passage Tomb Tradition. But in some respects Carrowmore places are atypical passage tombs. For example, none of the graves have lintel-covered tunnel-like passages that are a feature of most Irish passage graves, and only one place (Tomb 51, Listoghil) possesses a cairn.

Satellite Tombs

The tombs (in original condition) consisted of a central dolmen-like megalith with five upright orthostats carries a roughly conical capstone on top, enclosing a litenfemsidig tomb. These were each enclosed by a stone circle of 12 to 15 m in diameter. The stone circle containing 30 to 40 blocks, usually of gneiss, the material of choice for the tombs. Sometimes a second, inner circle stone blocks are also present. Entrance stones (or passage of stones, uncooked double rows of standing stones) extending from the central feature, showing the intended orientation of dolmens. They are not oriented to the directions but generally face towards the central area of the heap. In four such monuments are located in pairs.

Each monument was built on a small level platform of earth and stone that is one of the secrets of dolmens’ life as a well-executed stone seal surrounded the base of the upright stones, locking them in place. A satellite of graves, Tomb 27, has a cross-shaped passage grave plane, a feature seen in the chambers in the latter passage tombs or somNewgrange Carrowkeel. The roof – now gone – might have been of stone slabs or Corbelled.

Listoghil or Tomb 51

Listoghil built c. 3500 BC, is 34 meters in diameter and has a unique box-like chamber with the only megalithic technique so far available on Carrowmore.Three large boulders were found next to the central chamber and the heap;these might be the remains of a ruined megalithic construction preceded the heap. Since many of the satellite tombs face the central area, the site of the Tomb 51 seems to have been the focus around which the cemetery developed. This is the only grave to contain inhumationssnarare than crema (although crema is also present).

research History

Gabriel Beranger visited the site in 1779 and illustrated some of the monuments. ^{[2] [3]} These drawings are a valuable record of the state of Carrowmore at the time, shows some monuments now destroyed or damaged.

Early unregistered antiquarian excavation disturbed Carrowmore tombs, such as carried out by the local landlord Rodger Walker in the 19th century.Walker kept poor records of their activities, and it has been said that his excavations were more in line with the treasure hunt. Some of the material is recycled is now at Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, England ^[4]

The sites were originally surveyed and numbered by George Petrie in 1837, while William Gregory Wood-Martin made the first recorded excavations in the 1880s.

Recent excavations

Excavations led by the Swedish archaeologist Göran Burenhult conducted during two seasonal promotions, 1977-1982 and 1994-1998. Ten graves were completely or partially excavated. Listoghil (Central Tomb, aka. Tomb 51) was excavated in 1996-8.

Recent excavations at the National Roads Authority for the route Inner Relief Road in Magheraboy near Sligo – three kilometers from Carrowmore – have shown that a causewayed höljeexisterade while Carrowmore.Causewayed enclosures are diagnostic of Neolithic activity in Europe. ^[5]

Excavation Results

The Carrowmore assemblage is typical for the Irish passage tomb tradition.It includes horn and bone pins with mushroom-shaped heads and stone or clay balls. The excavations also revealed large amounts of unopened clams and oysters, echoing the findings of shell middens along Cúil wander. Quartz fragments accompanied most funerals; quartz and quartzite clearly had ritual significance in the passage tomb tradition. Antler pin, seafood and ornaments from sperm whale teeth that are in the graves, may indicate that the earliest monuments built by people who followed the hunter-gatherer way of life; but the presence of small amounts of Carrowkeel ware Neolithic pottery at these sites are also indicative of the agricultural influence .

The chambers contain the remains of several people. Almost all the Neolithic burials at Carrowmore seems to have been cremations with inhumations only available on Listoghil. The graves were reused periodically funeral and disposal of artifacts of the people of the Bronze Age and Iron Age, a long time after the original construction.

The small Carrowmore dolmens seem to have been covered by heaps: even if such ideas were once popular among the antiquarians, the discovery of the “Settings” of stone and finds near the chambers of the Norsemen, Roman ochbronsåldern artifacts makes it unlikely – according Burenhult – such cairns ever existed.

Radiocarbon dates

Radiocarbon dates from the survey and excavation project in the 1970s, 80s and 90s by Professor Göran Burenhult generated some controversy among archaeologists. Burenhult interpreted the date to indicate that most of the monuments were erected and used between 4300 and 3500 BC, a hunter-gatherer community. ^[6] For example, a sample taken from the chamber of Carrowmore 3 (called Tomb 4 of Burenhult) was claimed to set a date of 5400 BC. This conclusion is not accepted by the wider international archaeological community. ^[7] But Croaghaun, a small mound in the Ox mountains a few kilometers south of Carrowmore, has also produced a date to go back as far as 5600 BC from samples of coal available in the central chamber, but what this really means is contested by digging ^[8] the earlier use of the sites, or the incorporation of older material preceded stone tombs can not be excluded.

Perhaps the primary outcome of Burenhult work is that it showed that Carrowmore passage tombs preceded weight passage tombs in the Boyne Valley, County Meath, such as Knowth and Newgrange. But his Mesolithic graves Hunters interpretation of the early Carrowmore date, first presented in 1982, received critical review of the quarter-century that followed. A source critical review of earlier work ^[9] and 25 new radiocarbon dates ^[10]have shown that Carrowmore monuments are more likely to have been built in the second quarter of the fourth millennium before Christ.

Although some of the samples from Burenhult excavations produced before the Neolithic date, the sample material was coal, which is sensitive to a number of methodological problems. But the last 25 AMS dates on bone and horn buttons by monuments ^[11] has contributed to the history of activities on Carrowmore and counterbalance earlier demand Mesolithic megalith construction of the complex. The use of satellite Carrowmore tombs have been found to have reached the era around 3750 BC to about 3000 BC. This data set is supported by palaeo environmental studies in neighboring lakes conducted by Stolze, O’Connell, Ghilardi and others, shows agricultural activities in conjunction with or prior to use monuments. ^[12]

Discussion

Research on Carrowmore has changed the history of the development of the passage tomb tradition in Ireland. Data from this location overturned the theory once widespread in Irish archeology of tomb building spread from east to west across the country, and that the large complex tombs of Newgrange represented the beginning of the tradition, and the small simple tombs at Carrowmore final degenerate end of the tradition. Although we do not have reliable dates from many important Irish passage grave sites, it is possible to Carrowmore may represent the beginning of the passage tomb construction in Ireland.

It should be noted, however, that the construction of megalithic tombs is a widespread phenomenon, which extends from the Mediterranean Sea along the west coast of Europe to Scandinavia. If this is the spread of an ideology or humans has been debated. Perhaps both now seems likely, because the picture is now emerging from archeology is one of greater complexity than previous models had assumed. There are indications that in Ireland many of the main centers were in use at the same time. ^{[13] The} role of megaliths as monuments and cures of ceremony and celebration, as well as markers on the landscape is emphasized by archaeologists such as Richard Bradley.

The construction of large cairns Listoghil or Miosgán Médhbh on Knocknarea or Newgrange may represent a later phase of the megalith building larger scale and ambition than before the passage tombs. The area of Cúil wander peninsula and its hinterland is dotted with such graves, often on hilltops, which inspired Stefan Bergh to style it “Landscape of monuments”.

There has long been debate about how different types Neolithic monument – passage tombs, court tombs and portal dolmens – all of which occur in County Sligo – should be interpreted. Once thought to be an indication of different cultures or people, they are now known to have coexisted with each other, and therefore can represent different functions in a single community.Perhaps research into DNA or other techniques in the future will help to resolve these issues.

The Dump Crisis

Carrowmore was the subject of an extended legal battle in the 1980s when the Sligo County Council in 1983 tried to place a municipal landfill dumped at a quarry site about 100 yards from one part of the complex. Council’s decision was contested by five residents of the High Court in Dublin at the end of 1983 and the High Court ruled that the County Council could go ahead with their plans under certain conditions. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court which sentenced Council, 1989.

A notable feature of the judgment was that it was the first explicit legal recognition of the idea of an architectural landscape, extending the legal protection of a national monument to include the surrounding area. ^[14]

There was further controversy in 2001 with the reconstruction of the tomb 51st

Visitor Centre

1989-90 state bought about 25 acres, which stood a number of monuments and a small cottage. The cottage has been developed to be used as a basic visitor interpretive facility run by the Office of Public Works, this development was the first step in the development of Carrowmore archaeological complex of public access. Later, land acquisition means that most of the site is now under public ownership.

The small farm is close to the R292, about 2 km east of Ransboro crossroads.There is an exhibition, and from March to October provide both assistance and multilingual self-control options for Carrowmore megaliths. Admission is € 4.00 for adults, and there are discounts for seniors, groups, students, and families. Most of the graves may be reached from there. The center is open daily from 10:00 to 17:00 during the summer.

References

1. Jump up ^ Bergh, Stefan (1995) Landscape of monuments. A study of the passage tombs in Cúil wander region, Co. Sligo, Ireland . Stockholm: National Heritage Archaeological Investigations ISBN 9171929452
2. Jump up ^ Herity, Michael (1974) Irish passage graves Dublin. Irish University Press. pps 14-18. ISBN 0-7165-2167-9
3. Jump up ^http://www.libraryireland.com/biography/GabrielBeranger.php
4. Jump up ^ Ireland, Aideen M. (2002) Roger Chambers Walker: A Sligo Antiquarian The Journal of Irish Archaeology Vol 11. pp. 147-187.
5. Jump up ^ Danagher, Ed (2007) Monumental beginning: Archaeology of the N4 Sligo Inner Relief Road (NRA schedule Monograph 1) ISBN 978-1-905569-15-1
6. Jump up ^ Burenhult Goran, (2005) Carrowmore: Tombs HuntersBritish Archaeology Issue 82. http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba82/feat2.shtml
7. Jump ^ Cooney, G., Bayliss, A., Healy, F., Whittle, A., Danaher, E., Cagney, L, Mallory, J., Smyth, J., Kador, T. and O ‘ Sullivan, M., and T. O’Sullivan, M. (2011) “Chapter 12: Ireland. A. Whittle, F. Healy and A. Bayliss (ed) Collect time: dating to the early Neolithic enclosures in southern Britain and Ireland . Oxford: Oxbow Books
8. Jump up ^ Bergh, Stefan (1995) Landscape of monuments. A study of the passage tombs in Cúil wander region, Co. Sligo, Ireland . Stockholm: National Heritage Archaeological Investigations ISBN 9171929452
9. Jump up ^ Bergh, Stefan and Hensey, Robert (2013), the Neolithic dates from Carrowmore 1978-1998; A source critical
10. Jump up ^ Bergh, Stefan and Hensey, Robert (2013) demolish the Chrolonogy of Carrowmore in Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 32 (4) pp 343-366 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ojoa.12019 / abstract
11. Jump up ^ Bergh, Stefan and Hensey, Robert (2013) demolish the Chrolology of Carrowmore Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Volume 32, Issue 4, pages 343-366, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ojoa.12019 / abstract
12. Jump up ^ O’Connell, M. Ghilardi, B. and Morrison, L. (2014). A 7000-year record of environmental change, including förtidspensione agricultural impact, based on lake sediments geochemistry and pollen data from County Sligo, western Ireland . in Quaternary Research, 81, 35-49
13. Jump up ^ Hensey, Robert; Meehan, Mr; Dowd, Marion Moore, Sam. A century of archeology historic excavations and modern research at Carrowkeel Passage Tombs, County Sligo . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 2014, p. 1-30
14. Jump up ^ http://www.newgrange.eu/stonelight21.htm

Carrowkeel is a Neolithic passage tomb cemetery in south County Sligo, close to Boyle, County Roscommon. A Cheathrú Chaol in Irish means “the narrow Quarter”. Circumstantial carbon 14 dating places the graves between 5400 and 5100 years old (3400-3100 BC), so that they are older than the pyramids in Egypt’s Giza plateau 500-800 years. Carrowkeel is one of the “big four” passage tomb cemeteries in Ireland (the other three are Brú na Bóinne, Lough Crew and Carrowmore). Carrowkeel located at an elevation above the Lough Arrow, and the graves seem to be focused on the area Cuil wandering, Knocknarea and Carrowmore. There are fourteen passage tombs at Carrowkeel. Some can be entered by crawling through a narrow passage.Twelve more passage graves are nearby, most of which are included in the Keshcorran complex. ^[1] A special type of crude pottery found in passage graves are entitled Carrowkeel Ware, after having noted in Carrowkeel monument.

Lough Arrow and just north of Carrowkeel is another, seemingly related, giant passage grave, Heapstown Cairn. This is part of the legendary Moytura, the site of battles between the Tuatha Dé Danann, the ancient gods in Ireland, and the demonic Fomorians.

The mountain range contains Carrowkeel called the Bricklieve mountains, that is, the speckled mountains in Ireland, a possible reference to its appearance when more quartz stone survived on the outside of Cairns, making them glisten in the sun. The tombs were opened by RAS Macalister in 1911, together with Robert Lloyd Praeger and Edmund Clarence Richard Armstrong. Even Macalister was familiar with contemporary archaeological methods, he acted hastily on Carrowkeel and his removal and disturbance of the chamber floor has hampered investigators who followed him. In “The way I went,” in 1937, Praeger gives an eerie account of the first entry in one of the Carrowkeel monument.

“I lit three candles and stood for a moment, to let my eyes get accustomed to the dim light. That’s all, just like the last Bronze Age man (sic) had left it, three to four thousand years earlier. A light brownish dust covered all … the beads of stone, bone implements made from Red Deer Horn, and many fragments of pottery much decayed. on small raised indentations in the wall was flat stones, which rested the calcined bones of small children. ”

A 2004 excavation of Professor Stefan Bergh, NUIG of hut sites on the slopes of Mullaghafarna – near the Cairn O and P, Carrowkeel – promises to illuminate the builders of these monuments. Visitors to the site are asked not to climb on the cairn, or damage monuments in any way, and do not take anything in or out of these ancient tombs. Some parts of the website contain deep cracks, holes and rocks.

1911 Excavation

Monuments on Carrowkeel originally excavated by a team of scientists in 1911. ^[2] These excavations led to a series of conclusions, including animal bones, cremated human remains, human bones and tools and pottery from both the Neolithic Age when the monument is thought to have originally designed and Bronze Age, which began c2,000 years after that.

The original excavation suffer any unscientific uncharacteristically documentation that later led to many of the artifacts found at the site is lost.It is also incorrectly dated monument bronze age structures, which later proved to be inaccurate after further research in the 20th century.

References

1. Jump up ^ Hensey, Robert, Mr Meehan, Marion Dowd, and Sam Moore.”A century of archeology historic excavations and modern research at Carrowkeel Passage Tombs, County Sligo.” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature 114 (2014): 1-31.
2. Jump up ^ Hensey, Robert, Mr Meehan, Marion Dowd, and Sam Moore.”A century of archeology historic excavations and modern research at Carrowkeel Passage Tombs, County Sligo.” Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Section C: Archaeology, Celtic Studies, History, Linguistics, Literature 114 (2014): 1-31.

County Sligo (pronounced sly -Go Irish: Contae Shligigh ) is a municipality in Ireland. It is located in the border area are also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the town of Sligo. Sligo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 65,393 according to the 2011 census, making it the third most populous county in the province.

History

The county was formed in 1585 theoretically, but was not made reality until after the chaos of the nine-year war ended in 1603. Its boundaries reflect Ó Conchobhair Sligigh overlord Lower Connacht (Irish: Íochtar Connacht ) as it was at the time of the Elizabethan conquest.

This overlordship consisted of Tuatha or territories of Cairbre Drumcliabh, Tír Fhíacrach Múaidhe, Tír Ollíol, Luíghne, Corann and CUL ó bhFionn. Each of these have subsequently been made in an English style barony: Carbury, Tireragh, Leyny, Tirerril, Corran and Cool Uninstall. The capital of the new shired county was placed on Sligo.

Archaeology

Megalithic Cemetery Carrowmore is located in County Sligo. It is part of a huge complex of stone age still connect Carrowkeel in South Sligo to Ox Mountains, to Cuil wander peninsula, where Queen Maeve’s grave, Miosgán Médhbh, dominates the western skyline from the summit of Knocknarea Mountain.

Medieval

Known medieval manuscripts written in County Sligo Ballymote include book, the great book of Lecan and Yellow Book in Lecan. Patron of the Annals of the Four Masters varFerghal O Gadhra Cool Vine in south County Sligo.

The coat of arms

This weapon was adopted by Sligo County Council in 1980. The design on the black shield, showing an open book on which there is a Celtic and a red rose, representing the collective literary and cultural history of Sligo. These relate to such early works as the Book of Ballymote and Lecan, while Rose was a major theme in the poetry WBYeats. The escallop shells splashed on the screen refers to the origin of the word Sligeach – “a place rich in shell”. The boar head refers to the “wild boar of the Benbulben” of Diarmuid and Gráinne myth. The color scheme of the crest incorporates Sligo GAA colors black and white. ^[1]

Local governments and politics

Main article: Sligo County Council

Sligo County Council is the governing body for the county. It is divided into five Local Electoral Areas (LEAs) Ballymote, Dromore, Sligo- Drumcliff, Sligo- Beach and Tubbercurry. There are 25 members of Sligo County Council.

Sligo is part of Sligo North Leitrim constituency and has three representatives (TD ‘s) in Dáil, Tony McLoughlin (FG), John Perry (FG) and Michael Colreavy (SF). It also has a representative to Seanad Éireann, Marc MacSharry

Culture

The poet and Nobel laureate William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) spent much of his childhood in northern Sligo and the county’s landscape (particularly the Isle of Innisfree, in Lough Gill) was the inspiration for much of his poetry. Yeats said, “the place that has really influenced my life most is Sligo.” He is buried in North County Sligo, “Under Ben Bulben”, Drumcliff.

Music

County Sligo has a long history of traditional music. The southern part of the county is particularly noted with such musical luminaries as James Morrison, Michael Coleman, Paddy Killoran, Fred Finn, Peter Horan, Joe O’Dowd, Jim Donoghue, Martin Wynne, Oisin Mac Diarmada (of Téada), tin-whistle Carmel Gunning player and band Dervish .Länet has many traditional music festivals and one of the most famous is the queen Maeve International Summer School, a traditional Irish music summer school of music and dance that is held annually in August in Sligo Town. On the more contemporary music scene is Westlife, Tabby Callaghan and Conway Sisters who come from Sligo. Beach, about 9 km west of Sligo, host of the Beach Guitar Festival [1] every year, with a wide variety of guitar music and musicians.

Sports

Unlike its neighboring county, Sligo has had more success on the football rather than Gaelic games. The county is home to the League of Ireland Premier Division club Sligo Rovers, who have played home games at The Showgrounds since they were founded in 1928. Brother Walfrid founder of Celtic Football Club was born in Ballymote.

The county is represented in Gaelic Games from Sligo GAA.

Geography and political subdivisions

Sligo is the 22th largest of Ireland’s 32 counties in area and 26th largest in terms of population. ^[2] It is the fourth largest of Connacht’s five counties in size and the third largest in terms of population. The county borders County Mayo in the west, Roscommon to the south and southeast and Leitrim to the northeast.

Largest Towns County Sligo (2011 Census)

Beach near Beach

1. Sligo, 19452
2. Tubbercurry, 1747
3. Strand, 1596
4. Ballymote, 1539
5. Collooney, 1369

Towns and Villages

• Achonry
• Aclare
• Ballaghnatrillick
• Ballinafad
• Ballygawley
• Ballintogher
• Ballymote
• Ballysadare
• Beltra
• Bunninadden
• Carney
• Castle
• Cliffoney
• Cloonacool
• Collooney
• Coolaney
• Curry
• Dromore West
• Cliff
• Easky
• Crone
• Geevagh
• grange
• Gorteen
• Kilglass
• Monasteraden
• Mullaghmore
• Rivers
• Rosses Point
• Skreen
• Strandhill
• Toorlestraun
• Tubbercurry

People

See also: Category: People from County Sligo.

• Ambrosio O’Higgins, 1st Marquis of Osorno – Spanish colonial administrator
• William Butler Yeats – poet
• Jack Butler Yeats – Artist
• Brother Walfrid – founder of Celtic FC
• Constance Markiewicz – revolutionary Irish nationalist
• James Morrison (musician) – traditional music
• Michael Coleman (musician) – traditional music
• George Stokes – mathematicians, physicists
• Martin Moffat, recipient of the Victoria Cross
• Lola Montez – dancers, actors
• Marian Harkin – MEP
• Martin Savage – Irish Republican
• Mary O’Hara – Singer
• Michael Corcoran – Union Army general in the American Civil War
• Neil Jordan – film director
• Ray MacSharry – former Tánaiste
• Tommy Fleming – Singer
• Westlife – pop band
• Pauline McLynn – Actor

See also

• List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Sligo)
• List of Sligo people
• sligo GAA
• Sligo Rovers FC
• High Sheriff of Sligo
• Wild Atlantic Way
• Sligo (city)

References 

1. Jump up ^http://www.resources.teachnet.ie/vmcmahon/history/crests.htm
2. Jump up ^ Corry, Eoghan (2005). The GAA Book of Lists. Hodder Headline Ireland. pp. 186-191. ISBN 0-340-89695-7.
3. Jump up ^ For the 1653 and 1659 figures from the Civil Survey Census of those years, the paper Mr. Hardinge Royal Irish Academy March 14, 1865.
4. Jump up ^ Census of post 1821 figures.
5. Jump up ^ http://www.histpop.org
6. Jump up ^ NISRA – Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (c) in 2013. Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk (27 September 2010). Retrieved July 23, 2013.
7. Jump up ^ Lee, JJ (1981). “On the accuracy of pre-famine Irish censuses”. In the Gold Strom, JM; Clarkson, LA Irish population, economy and society: Essays in Honour of the late KH Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
8. Jump up ^ Mokyr, Joel, O Grada, Cormac (November 1984). “New Developments in the Irish population history, 1700-1850”. The Economic History Review. 37 (4) :. 473-488 doi: 10.1111 / j.1468 -0289.1984.tb00344.x.