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Temple Bar (Irish: Barra a Teampaill ) is an area on the south bank of the River Liffey in central Dublin, Ireland. The area bounded by the Liffey to the north, Dame Street to the south, Westmoreland Street to the east and Fishamble Street in the west. Unlike other parts of Dublin city center, it is touted as Dublin’s cultural quarter, and has a lively nightlife that is popular among tourists. Popular venues include The Palace Bar, The Temple Bar Pub, Oliver St. John Gogarty and The Auld Dubliner (fine boys bar).

Temple Bar is the zip code Dublin 2 (D2), and has an estimated population of 3000th

History

The historical name of the district was not Temple Bar but St Andrews Parish. It was a suburb of medieval (Anglo-Norman) Dublin, located outside the city walls, but it fell into disuse in the early 14th century, as the country was attacked by the native Irish. Soil renovated again in the 17th century, to create gardens for the houses of wealthy English families.

Many sources agree that Temple Bar Street got its name from the Temple family, and especially Sir William Temple (rector of Trinity College from 1609 to 1627), whose houses and gardens are there in the early 17th century.But given the presence of a historic district with the same name in London, it seems that the new Temple Bar Street in Dublin must have been a nod to his older and more famous cousin.

Fishamble Street near Temple Bar was the site of the first performance of Handel’s Messiah, 13 April 1742. An annual performance of Messiah held the same day at the same location. A republican revolutionary group, the Society of the United Irishman, was formed at a meeting in a tavern in Eustace Street 1791st

In the 18th century was the center of prostitution in Dublin. ^[3] During the 19th century, the area slowly declined in popularity, and in the 20th century, suffered from the urban decay, with many derelict buildings.

In the 1980s, the state-owned transport company Coras Iompair Éireann (CIE). Proposed to buy up and demolish property in the area and build a bus terminal in its place. Although it was in the planning stage, where they bought buildings let at low rents, which attracted small shops, artists and galleries in the area. Protests from a Taisce, residents and traders led to the cancellation, the bus station, and then Prime Minister Charles Haughey was responsible for securing funding, ^[4] and in 1991 the government set up a non-profit company called Temple Bar Properties to oversee the regeneration of the area Dublin’s cultural quarter. ^[5]

In 1999, the “stag parties” and “hen parties” supposedly forbidden (or discouraged) from Temple Bar, mainly because of drunken loutish behavior, although this seems to have expired. ^[6] But the noise and anti-social behavior is usually driven by excessive alcohol consumption is still a problem at night. ^[7]

Present

The area is the location of many Irish cultural institutions, including the Irish Photography Centre (incorporating the Dublin Institute of Photography, the national photographic archive and the Gallery of Photography), Ark Children’s Cultural Center, the Irish Film Institute, incorporating the Irish Film Archive, the Button Factory, Arthouse Multimedia Centre, Temple Bar Gallery and Studios, the project Arts Centre, the Gaiety School of Acting, IBAT College Dublin, and the Irish stock Exchange and the Central Bank of Ireland.

After nightfall, the area is a major center for nightlife, with many tourist-oriented nightclubs, restaurants and bars. Pubs include The Temple Bar Pub, The Porterhouse, Oliver St. John Gogarty, Turkish head, Czech Inn (the former Isolde Tower), the Quays Bar, the Foggy Dew, The Auld Dubliner and Bad Bob.

Two squares have been renovated in recent years – Meeting Square and the center of Temple Bar Square . The Temple Bar Book Market is held on Saturdays and Sundays in Temple Bar Square.

Meeting Square, which takes its name from the nearby Quaker Meeting House, used for outdoor film screenings during the summer months. Since summer 2004, the Meeting Square is also home to the Speaker’s Squareproject (an area of public speaking) and the Temple Bar Food Market every Saturday.

The cow’s Lane Market is a fashion and design market that takes place on the cow’s Lane every Saturday.

Part of the 13th century August Friary of the Holy Trinity is visible in an apartment / restaurant complex called “The Friary.” ^[8]

In popular culture

• The Bollywood film Ek Tha Tiger had a song in the area. ^[9]
• Irish singer / songwriter Billy Treacy released a satirical song about Temple Bar. ^[10]
• The Irish singer Nathan Carter released a song called Temple Bar. ^[11]

See also

• List of streets in Dublin

References

1. Jump up ^ Sean Murphy, “A Brief History of Dublin’s Temple Bar”, the Centre for Irish genealogical and historical studies, Bray, County Wicklow. web here
2. Jump up ^ Murphy, op. cit., quotes the National Library of Ireland, “Maps Dublin’s historic”, Dublin, 1988.
3. Jump up ^ Striapacha Tri Chead Bliain Duailcis (Prostitutes: Three hundred years of Vice) Niamh O’Reilly, J. Irish Studies
4. Jump up ^ Obituary Charles Haughey, The Independent June 14, 2006
5. Jump up ^ Temple Bar framework plan – Dublin Corporation (1991)
6. Jump up ^ Bar Stag Ban Sends Revellers to the London Sunday Mirror , January 3, 1999
7. Jump up ^ nightmare in a city that never sleeps – the Irish Times , September 9, 2008
8. Jump up ^ Casey, Christine (2005). Dublin: The City Within the Grand and Royal canals and Circular Road in the Phoenix Park. Yale University Press. p. 440. ISBN 0300109237th
9. Jump up^ http://filmireland.net/2011/09/29/bollywood-film-%e2%80%98ek-tha-tiger%e2%80%99-i-am-tiger-shoots-in-temple-bar-dublin-in-october/
10. Jump up ^ Kehoe, Michael (13 October 2014). “Singer warns Dublin tourist trap”. Irish Music Daily. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
11. Jump up ^ “Stayin ‘Up All Night’. Www.nathancartermusic.com. Pulled 07/27/2016.

St Stephens Green (Irish: Faiche Stiabhna ) ^[1] is a city center public park in Dublin, Ireland. The current landscape of the park was designed by William Sheppard, who officially opened to the public on Tuesday, July 27 1880. ^[2]The park is adjacent to one of Dublin’s main shopping streets, Grafton Street, a shopping mall named after it, while the surrounding streets are offices for a number of public bodies and the city terminus of one of Dublin’s Luas tram lines. It is often informally called Stephen’s Green. At 22 acres (89,000 m ² ), it is the largest parks in Dublin important Georgian garden squares. Others also include Merrion Square and Fitzwilliam Square.

The park is rectangular, surrounded by streets that once formed major traffic arteries through Dublin city center, although traffic management changes in 2004 during the Luas works ^[3] has greatly reduced the volume of traffic.These four neighboring streets called and St Stephens Green North, St. Stephen’s Green South, St Stephens Green East and St Stephen’s Green West.

History

Until 1663 St Stephens Green was a marshy common on the outskirts of Dublin, which is used for grazing. During the year, the Dublin Corporation, sees an opportunity to raise much needed revenues, decided to encircle the center of the joint and to sell land around the perimeter of the building. ^[4]The park was annexed a wall in 1664. The houses were built around the Green was quickly replaced with new buildings in the Georgian style in the late eighteenth century Green was a place of resort for the better-off in the city. A large part of today’s landscape of the square is made up of modern buildings, some in a replica Georgian style, and relatively little survives from the 18th and 19th centuries.

1814 control of the St Stephen’s Green is sent to the Commissioners for the local households, which redesigned its layout and replaced the walls with railings. ^[5]

After the death of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria’s proposals are rejected with indignation by the Dublin Corporation and the people of the city, to the Queen’s chagrin – suggested that St Stephens Green renamed Albert green and has a statue of Albert in the center. ^[6]

Access to green was limited to the local population, until 1877, when Parliament passed a law to open the St Stephen’s Green to the public, on the initiative avSir AE Guinness, a member of the Guinness brewing family who lived at St. Anne’s Park, Raheny and Ashford Castle. He paid later for the laying of the green for approximately its current form, which took place in 1880, and gave it to the Corporation, on behalf of the people. To thank the city commissioned a statue of him, facing the College of Surgeons. His brother Edward lived påIveagh House, which his descendants gave in 1939 to the Department of External Affairs (now Foreign Affairs).

During the Easter Rising of 1916, a group of rebels consisting mainly of members of the Irish National Army, led by Commandant Michael Mallin and his second highest befälConstance Markievicz, established in St Stephens Green. ^[4] the numbered between 200 and 250. ^{[7 ]} they seized vehicles to set up roadblocks on the streets that surround the park, and dug defensive positions in the park itself. This approach differs from taking up positions in buildings, adopted elsewhere in the city. It turned out to have been unwise when parts of the British army took up positions in the Shelbourne Hotel, in the northeast corner of St Stephens Green, overlooking the park, from where they could shoot down of influence. ^[4] are in a weak position, volunteer went to the Royal College of Surgeons on the western side of the green. ^[7] During the Rising, the fire temporarily stopped to allow the park groundsman to feed the local ducks. ^[8]

The park is now run by the Office of Public Works on behalf of the Irish state.^[9]

Development of Parks Design

The landscape of the park has undergone three major changes since its inception. Its first major change took place in 1670: two rows of linden trees planted around the perimeter, acts as its first cover. At this time, the park was only available to the wealthy residents who owned land around the park. ^[2]

In 1815 the park was redesigned by Dublin city surveyor Arthur Neville. In its redesign, he added, winding roads and iron fence. At this time, the park was still closed to the public. ^[2]

During the 1860s, the campaign to make the park to the public was going on, and city engineer, George W. Heman, ^[10] proposed a new design to make the park as a viable and functionally practical as possible. This included the creation of four ports in every corner of the park that would be linked by conserved pathways designed by Neville. This plan finally abandoned, probably due to the fact that Heman was an employee of the Dublin Corporation. But many of Heman “pattern, as the addition of gates and connecting roads, were included in the final plans presented by William Sheppard, the premier designer responsible for the landscape of the park as we know it today, and engineering AL Cousins, sponsored by Lord Ardilaun.Ardilaun also played an important role in the planning and importation of exotic trees and plants that were installed in the park. ^[2]

Park layout

While the central park of St Stephen’s Green is one of three ancient commons of the city, much depends on the restoration of the 1800s its present form (see History above).

The grounds are roughly rectangular, measuring (approximately) 550 by 450 meters, and are centered on a formal garden.

One of the more unusual aspects of the park is located on the northwest corner of this central area – a garden for the blind with fragrant plants, which can withstand handling, and are labeled in Braille.

Further north again (and spans much of the length of the park) is a great lake. Home to ducks and other waterfowl lake is fed by an artificial waterfall, bridged by the O’Connell Bridge, and fronted by an ornamental gazebo. The lakes in the park are fed from the Grand Canal at Portobello.

To the south side of the main garden circle is more open moorland surrounding a bandstand and often visited by lunching students, workers and consumers on Dublin’s sunnier days.

Other notable features include:

• the Fusiliers’ Arch at the Grafton Street corner, celebrating the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who died in the Second Boer War.
• a fountain representing the three Fates inside Leeson Street gate. The statue was designed by Joseph Wackerle in bronze in 1956. It was a gift from the German people in thanks for Irish help for refugee after World War II. Up to five hundred children found the family home in Ireland in a project called Operation Shamrock.
• a seated statue of Lord Ardilaun on the western side, the man who gave the green to the city, facing the Royal College of Surgeons which he also sponsored (again, see History above)
• the Yeats memorial garden with a sculpture by Henry Moore
• a bust of James Joyce faced his former University of Newman House
• a memorial to the Fenian leader Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa near the Grafton Street entrance
• a bronze statue on Merrion Row corner of Wolfe Tone, the leader of the 1798 uprising.
• a memorial to the Great Famine of 1845-1850 by Edward Delaney
• a bust of Constance Markievicz on the southern part of the central garden (see History above)
• a statue of Robert Emmet resist his birthplace (now demolished) at No. 124th
• a memorial bust of Thomas Kettle, the deaths of World War II. The attempt to erect a memorial bust of Kettle was marred by controversy, until it was finally placed – without official unveiling, in the middle section.

Sheet addresses

Iveagh House on the south side was created from the joining of two earlier houses (numbers 80 and 81) by Benjamin Guinness in the 1860s. It was donated to the Irish State, the Guinness family in 1939 and now houses the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

Also on the south side of St Stephen’s Green are Newman House (numbers 85 and 86, after John Henry Newman) and University Church . These are home to the Catholic University of Ireland, which was founded in the 19th century. It is linked with the University College Dublin, but is no longer active educationally in its own right.

The Unitarian Church , Dublin, built in the Gothic revival style, situated on the west side of St Stephen’s Green.

Also on the west side is the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (No. 123), home to the oldest of the Republic of Ireland’s six medical schools.

On the west side, at the top of Grafton Street, Stephens Green Shopping Centre, built in October 1988. It was at the time, Ireland’s largest shopping center. Its style was intended to represent a conservatory on the side facing the green and brick reflect the design of the opposite Gaiety Theatre on South King Street.

On the north side of St Stephen’s Green, there were four ^[4] , but is now two clubs (originally gentlemen’s clubs), the Hibernian United Services Club(number 8, was completed in 2002), the Stephens Green Hibernian Club(number 9, initially, Stephen Green Club, before the merger with the Hibernian United Services Club), the “Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick” (number 22, now closed) and Kildare Street and University Club (number 17).This side of the green also has the historic Shelbourne Hotel and the recently opened Little Museum of Dublin, which is housed in a restored Georgian townhouse.

Loreto College, St Stephens Green , one of Ireland’s most famous toll schools for girls, is at number 53, on the eastern side of the Green.

St Vincent’s Hospital , now located in a suburb on the south side of Dublin, was previously placed in the buildings on the east side of St Stephen’s Green and on Leeson Street.

Transport

Dublin Bus routes 7b, 7d, 11, 32x, 37, 41x, 44, 46, 61, 84x and 145 all stop along the east side of the square

The green line of the Luas tram system stops at St Stephens Green stop on the west side of the park. Although currently a trailing stop, the planned Luas Cross City extension would see the stop as a connecting station from the existing Luas Green Line, crossing the city (and the Luas red line), and continues to Broom Bridge Station in Cabra. The line is scheduled to open in 2017. ^[11]

See also

• List of streets in Dublin

Notes

1. Jump up ^ “Sraidainmneacha Bhaile Atha Cliath” (PDF). Dublin City Council. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
2. ^ Jump up to: ^abcd “Report on St Stephens Green” (PDF). UCD School of Archaeology.
3. Jump up ^ “roadworks on St Stephen’s Green to turn the traffic flow and limit movement.” The Irish Times. June 6, 2004. Archived from the original 20 May 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
4. ^ Jump up to: ^abcd . Casey, Christine (2006): Dublin city within the Grand and Royal canals and Circular Road in the Phoenix Park. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10923-8.
5. Jump up ^ “Archiseek.com – St Stephen’s Green, Dublin.” Archiseek.com.Archived from the original January 11, 2008.
6. Jump up ^ “A Queen Welcome: Victoria’s stormy affair with Ireland.”Irish Examiner. 26 June 2010.
7. ^ Jump up to: ^ab “1916 Rising: Personalities and prospects – Stephens Green” (PDF). National Library of Ireland. Retrieved November 30, 2014.
8. Jump up ^ Michael O’Sullivan, Bernard O’Neill: The Shelbourne and its people (Blackwater Press 1999), p.45 ISBN 1-84131-442-0
9. Jump up ^ “Ireland OPW Heritage Site – St Stephens Green page”.HeritageIreland.ie (OPW). Retrieved November 30, 2014.
10. Jump up ^ “Dictionary of Irish Architects – Heman, GEORGE WILLOUGHBY.” Dia.ie. 13.11.1926. Pulled 12/28/2013.
11. Jump up ^ “Green light given to the Luas link-up, first passengers in 2017 – RTÉ News”. Rte.ie. August 3, 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.

St. James Gate Brewery (Irish: Grúdlann Gheata Naomh Séamuis ) is a brewery founded in 1759 in Dublin, Ireland by Arthur Guinness. The company is now part avDiageo, a company formed from the merger of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan in 1997. The main product of the brewery is Guinness Draught.

Originally leased in 1759 Arthur Guinness Book of IR £ 45 (Irish pounds) per year for 9000 years, St. James Gate has been home to the Guinness ago. It became the largest brewery in Ireland in 1838, and the largest in the world in 1886, with an annual output of 1.2 million barrels. ^[1] Although no longer the largest brewer in the world, it is still the largest brewer of stout in the world .The company has since bought out originally leased property, ^[2] and during the 19th and early 20th centuries the brewery owned most of the buildings in the surrounding area, including many streets of housing for brewery employees and offices in connection with the brewery. The brewery also has all its own power with their own power plants. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

There is an attached exhibition on the 250-year history of Guinness, called the Guinness Storehouse.

History

Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in Leixlip, Kildare, and then from 1759 at the St. James Gate Brewery in Dublin. On December 31, he signed a 9,000 year lease at £ 45 per year for the unused brewery. ^{[3] [4]} But the lease is no longer in effect because the brewery property has been bought out when it expanded beyond the original 4 -acre site. ^[2]

Ten years after its establishment on May 19, 1769 Guinness exported their beer (he had stopped brewing ale then) for the first time, when six and a half barrels were shipped to England. The business expanded through the adoption of steam power and re-exporting to the UK market. On the death of Benjamin Guinness in 1868 the business was worth over £ 1 million, and the brewery site had grown from about 1 acre to over 64 acres. In 1886, his son Edward sold 65 percent of its business through a public offering on the London Stock Exchange for £ 6 million.

The company pioneered several quality control measures. The brewery hired statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonym “Student” of the techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student’s t-distribution and the even more famous t-test. ^[5]

Because of the Irish Free State’s “Control of Manufactures Act” in 1932, the company moved its headquarters to London later that year. ^[6] Guinness brewed their last porter in 1974.

In 1983, a non-family CEO Ernest Saunders was appointed and arranged reverse acquisition of the leading Scotch whiskey producer Distillers in 1986. Saunders then asked to resign after revelations that the Guinness share price had been illegally manipulated (see Guinness share trading fraud).

In 1986, Guinness PLC was in the middle of a bidding war for the much larger Distillers Company. In the final phase, Guinness stock increased by 25 percent – which was unusual, because the stock of the acquiring company usually falls in a situation takeover. Guinness paid several individuals and institutions, mainly American arbitrageur Ivan Boesky, about $ 38 million to buy $ 300 million worth of Guinness stock. The effect was to increase the value of the deal for Distillers, whose leadership favored merged with Guinness.

In connection with the investigation revealed that Bank Leu was involved in half of the purchases. Two of Guinness’ directors signed the-table agreements where the Bank Leu subsidiaries in Zug and Lucerne bought 41 million shares of Guinness. Guinness secretly promised to redeem shares at cost, including commission. In order to fulfill their part of the agreement Guinness, deposited $ 76 million with Bank Leu’s Luxembourg subsidiary.

As Distillers was worth more than the Guinness plc, the Guinness family shareholding in the merged company went below 10 percent, and today no one family member on the board. Guinness acquired the Distillers Company in 1986. ^[7]

The company merged with Grand Metropolitan in 1997 to form Diageo plc, activated in 2006 at about EUR 40 billion. ^[8] Although it is not officially taken over completely, owns the Guinness family is still 51 percent of the brewery.Guinness brewery in Park Royal, London closed in 2005. The production of all Guinness sold in the UK and Ireland switched to St James Gate Brewery Dublin. ^[9]

Products

The main product is the Guinness phrases, a 4.2% ABV dry stout which is one of the most successful beer brands in the world. For many years a part of the drink aged to give a sharp lactic flavor, although Guinness has refused to confirm if this is still happening. The thick creamy head is the result of beer mixed with nitrogen when poured. It is popular with Irish people both in Ireland and abroad and despite a decline in consumption in recent years, is the best selling alcoholic drink of all time in Sweden ^{[10] [11]} , where Guinness & Co. making almost € 2 billion annually. The brewery also producesGuinness Original , a 4.3% ABV version of the draft, but nitrogen; ^[12] Caliber, a low alcohol pale lager; Guinness Bitter, an 4.4% bitters sold in a jar with a widget; and 7.5%, Guinness Foreign Extra Stout.

varieties

Guinness stout is available in several varieties and strengths, which include:

• Guinness Draught, sold in kegs, cans and bottles widget: 4.1 to 4.3% alcohol by volume (ABV); Extra Cold served by a super cooler at 3,5 ° C (38.3 ° F). ^[13]
• Guinness Original / Extra Stout: 4.2 or 4.3% ABV in Ireland and the rest of Europe, 4.1% in Germany, 4.8% in Namibia and South Africa, 5% in the US and Canada, and 6% in Australia and Japan.
• Guinness Foreign Extra Stout: 7.5% ABV version sold in Europe, America, Africa, the Caribbean and Asia. The foundation is an unfermented but hopped Guinness wort extract shipped from Dublin, which added to local ingredients and brewed locally. The strength can vary, for example, it sold 5% ABV in China, 6.5% ABV in Jamaica and eastern Africa, and 8% ABV in Singapore. ^[14] In Nigeria, part of the sorghum is used. Foreign Extra Stout mixed with a small amount of the intended fermented beer. ^[15]
• Guinness Special Export Stout, sold in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, originally brewed in 1945 Naafi be sent to British troops stationed in Europe. ^[16]
• Guinness Bitter, an English-style bitter beer: 4.4% ABV.
• Guinness Extra Smooth, a smoother stout sold in Ghana, Cameroon and Nigeria: 5.5% ABV.
• Malta Guinness, a sweet alcoholic drink produced in Nigeria and exported to the UK and Malaysia.
• Guinness Mid-Strength, a low-alcohol stout test marketed in Limerick, Ireland in March 2006 ^[17] and in Dublin in May 2007: ^[18] 2.8% ABV.
• Caliber, a premium non-alcoholic lagers. It is brewed as a full-strength layer; Since the end of brewing alcohol removed: 0.05% ABV.
• Guinness Red, brewed in exactly the same way as Guinness except that the grain is only lightly toasted so that it provides a brighter, slightly fruitier red ale; test marketed in the UK in February 2007 :. 4.1% ABV ^[19]
• 250 Anniversary Stout, released in the US, Australia and Singapore, April 24, 2009: ^[20] 5% ABV.
• Guinness Nitro IPA, which was introduced in September 2015. An ale made with 5 variteis of hops (Admiral, Celeia, topaz, challenger, and cascade). It is packaged in jars with a nitrogen widget on 5.8% ABV.

In October 2005, the Guinness Book of the Brewhouse Series, a limited edition collection of draft stouts available for about six months each. There were three beers in the series.

• “Toucan Brew introduced in May 2006. It was named after the cartoon toucan used in many Guinness advertising. The beer had a sharper taste with a slightly sweet taste due to its triple jumped brewing.
• North Star was introduced in October 2006 and sold until the end of 2007. Three million liters of Northstar was sold during the second half of 2007. ^[21]

Despite an announcement in June 2007 that the fourth Brewhouse Stout will begin in October of the same year, ^[22] no new beer showed up in late 2007, it seemed Brewhouse Series has quietly canceled.

Withdrawn Guinness variants include Guinness Brite Lager, Guinness Brite Ale, Guinness Light, Guinness XXX Extra Strong Stout, Guinness Cream Stout, Guinness Gold, Pilsner Guinness, Guinness Breo (a slightly citrusy wheat beers), Guinness Shandy, and Guinness Special Light. Breo (which means “spirit” in the Old Irish) was a wheat beer; it cost about 5 million Irish pounds to develop.

For a short time in the late 1990s, produced the Guinness’ St. James Gate “range of craft-style beers, are available in a small number of Dublin pubs.The beers were: Pilsner gold, Wicked Red Ale, Wildcat wheat beer and Dark Angel stock.

A brewing byproduct of Guinness, Guinness Yeast Extract (GYE), was produced until the 1950s.

Guinness family

The grandson of the original Arthur Guinness, Sir Benjamin Guinness, was mayor of Dublin and was created a baronet in 1867, only to die next year. His eldest son, Arthur, Baron Ardilaun (1840-1915), sold control of the brewer Sir Benjamin’s third son Edward (1847-1927), who became the 1st Earl of Iveagh.Iveagh launched the company on the London Stock Exchange in 1886. Until then, the only other parties outside of the Guinness family were members of the Purser family who helped run the brewery during most of the nineteenth century. He, his son and grandson, 2nd and 3rd Earl, chairman of Guinness now until the 3rd earl’s death in 1992. There are no longer any members of the Guinness family at the table.

Plans

On June 17, 2007 The Sunday Independent first reported that Diageo was considering selling most of the St. James Gate Brewery to take advantage of high property prices in Ireland. ^[23] The story was widely picked up by both the national and international media organizations, but the proposal to build a new Dublin brewery at Leixlip on land belonging to Desmond Guinness was canceled in late 2008 when the Irish property prices had dropped, and so the ability to sell a large part of the current brewery to meet the lower cost of building a new’d gone. ^[24]

The following day, the Irish Daily Mail ran a follow-up story with a double page complete with photos and a history of the plant since 1759. Initially, Diageo said that talk of a movement was pure speculation, but given the mounting speculation in the wake of Sunday Independent article the company confirmed that it is conducting a “major review of its activities”.This is largely thanks to the efforts of the company’s continued efforts to reduce the environmental impact of the bridge on the St. James Gate facility.^[25]

On 23 November 2007, appeared an article in the Evening Herald , a Dublin newspaper that Dublin City Council, in the best interest of the city of Dublin, had put forward a proposal to prevent the building permit ever granted for the development of the site which makes it very difficult for Diageo to sell the site for residential development.

9 May 2008, Diageo announced that St James Gate Brewery will be open and renovated, but the breweries in Kilkenny and Dundalk will be closed by 2013 when a new larger brewery opened near Dublin.Resultatet will be a loss of approximately 250 jobs in throughout the Diageo / Guinness employees in Ireland. ^[26] Two days later, the Sunday Independent reported again that Diageo executives had met Tánaiste Mary Coughlan, deputy leader of the Irish Government, to relocate to Ireland from the UK to take advantage of its lower corporate tax rates. Several British companies have taken the step to pay Ireland’s 12.5 percent rate rather than Britain’s 28 per cent interest. ^[27]Diageo released a statement to the London Stock Exchange denying the report. ^[28]

Camino de Santiago

St. James’s Gate in Dublin was traditionally a main starting point for Irish pilgrims begin their journey on the Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James).Pilgrims’ passports were stamped this before leaving, usually for A Coruna, north of Santiago. It is still possible for Irish pilgrims to get these traditional document stamped on both the Guinness Storehouse and St. James’ Church, and many do, while on their way to Santiago de Compostela. ^[29]

Guinness Storehouse

Smoke from a 2009 fire at the brewery where two firefighters were injured. ^[30]

Main article: Guinness Storehouse

Guinness Storehouse, “Home of Guinness”, is Dublin’s most popular tourist attractions. A converted brewing factory, it is now a Guinness museum, which contains elements from the old brewery factory to explain the history of its production. Some of the old brewing equipment is on show, as well as powerful ingredients, brewing techniques, advertising methods and storage devices.

The exhibition takes place on seven floors, in the form of a 14 million pint glass of Guinness. The last floor is the Gravity Bar, which has a nearly 360 ° panorama of the city, where visitors can claim a free pint of “black stuff”.

The magazine is where they used to add the yeast to the beer fermentation.

Guinness Storehouse visitors do not get to see beer brewed in front of them, but from different points of the building you can see parts of the brewhouse, reservoirs, granaries and the dish farm.

See also

• Dublin Tramways # Guinness Brewery tramways
• Guinness World Records
• St. James Gate FC

References

1. Jump up ^ “When Brick Lane was home to the largest brewery in the world | Zythophile “. zythophile.wordpress.com. Hämtad14 September 2014.
2. ^ Jump up to: ^ab “Guinness Storehouse FAQ”. Guinness-Storehouse.com.Retrieved 18 March 2012. Question: I am the 9000-year lease still valid?A 9000-year lease signed in 1759 was a four-acre brewery site. Today the brewery covers over 50 acres, who grew up during the last 200 years around the original four tunnland.Den 1759 lease is no longer valid as the company purchased land directly many years ago.
3. Jump up ^ “Arthur’s Day 2011”. Diageo. 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
4. Jump up ^ “Archive Paper: Arthur Guinness (1725-1803)” (pdf).Guinness Storehous. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
5. Jump up ^ Douglas W. Hubbard, how to measure something (John Wiley & Sons, 2007) pp 133-134.
6. Jump up ^ Oliver, Garrett (2011). The Oxford Companion to Beer.Oxford University Press. p. 494. ISBN 9,780,195,367,133th
7. Jump up ^ Diageo: History
8. Jump up ^ Spirits soar at Diageo
9. Jump up ^ Guinness to close its London Brewery
10. Jump up ^ Barry, Dan (28 August 2000). “In Ireland, pubs, a startling trend.” Lisdoonvarna Journal. The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2008. … Guinness stout is still the best-selling alcoholic beverage in Ireland, during the past year, their consumption here has declined by nearly 4 percent.
11. Jump up ^ “Diageo beer sales continue decline.” The beverage industry Ireland. Barkeeper. 26 February 2007. Hämtattio April 2008. Yet the Guinness Book to be Ireland’s number one beer “by a wide margin” according to Michael Patten, Group Corporate Relations Director of Diageo Ireland, “More than 40 percent of all beer sold in Ireland is Guinness.
12. Jump up ^ “Guinness Original / Extra Stout (Ireland / UK) from St James Gate (Diageo) – Rate Beer” .ratebeer.com. Retrieved 28 August of 2009.
13. Jump up ^ Guinness website ^{[ dead link ]} Guinness Extra Cold
14. Jump up ^ “APB: About APB: Our markets: Singapore”.
15. Jump up ^ Previously it was mixed with beer fermented naturally as a result of the ferment in old oak barrels with Brettanomyces population.There is now made with pasteurized beer having bacterially fermented.Protz, R. (1996). The Ale Trail. Kent: Eric Dobby Publishing. pp. 174-176.
16. Jump up ^ Guinness Dublin [1] Guinness, 1952. Printed by Hely’s Ltd, East Wall, Dublin.
17. Jump up ^ Low alcohol Guinness Stout
18. Jump up ^ Weaker stout designed to make the Guinness Book of a slump Irish Times Online
19. Jump up ^ Guinness Red Archive 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
20. Jump up ^ “Guinness stout new offer for a limited time – Food Inc.- msnbc.com.”
21. Jump ^ Guinness sales rally in Diageo
22. Jump up ^ Guinness to launch fourth in the brewhouse series
23. Jump up ^ Daniel McConnell (17 June 2007). “Last orders for Guinness time at St James’s Gate ‘. Irish Independent .Hämtad 17 June 2007.
24. Jump up ^ Irish Times interview on February 20, 2009
25. Jump up ^ Diageo promises green future for the black stuff
26. Jump up ^ Diageo keeps Dublin Guinness place to build new
27. Jump up ^ Horan, Niamh; McConnell, Daniel (11 May 2008). “Diageo is” seriously considering “Irish move”. Irish Independent.
28. Jump up ^ “Diageo denies report it plans tax move to Ireland”. Reuters.11 May 2008.
29. Jump up ^ Irish Society of Friends of St. James »Useful information
30. Jump up ^ “Two firefighters were injured in the blaze of Guinness”. RTE News. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.

Phoenix Park (Irish: Pairc an Fhionnuisce ^[1] ) is a city park in Dublin, Ireland, located 2-4 km west of the center, north of the River Liffey. Its 11 km facade encloses 707 hectares (1,750 acres), one of the largest walled city parks in Europe. ^{[2] [3] [4]} It covers large areas of grassland and tree-lined avenues, and since the 17th century has been home to a herd of wild fallow deer. The English name comes from the Irish Fionn Uisce means “pure water”.^[5] The Irish government lobbying UNESCO to have the park designated as a World Heritage Site. ^[6]

History

After the Normans conquered Dublin and its hinterland in the 12th century, Hugh Tyrrel, 1st Baron Castle granted a large tract of land, including what now comprises the Phoenix Park, the Knights Hospitaller. They established a monastery påKilmainham on the spot now occupied by the Royal Hospital Kilmainham. The Knights lost their land in 1537 after the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII of England. Eighty years later lands reverted to the ownership of the king’s representative in Ireland. If the restoration of King Charles II, his Viceroy in Dublin, the Duke of Ormonde, established a royal hunting park in the country in 1662. It contained pheasants and wild deer, making it necessary to enclose the entire area with a wall. The park originally included demesne Kilmainham Priory, south of the River Liffey, but when the construction of the Royal Hospital at Kilmainham began in 1680, the park was reduced to its current size, all of which are now north of the river. It was opened for the people of Dublin Earl of Chesterfield year 1745th

1882 was the site of two murders. The Chief Secretary for Ireland (the British minister with responsibility for Irish Affairs), Lord Frederick Cavendish, and Under-Secretary for Ireland (chief officer), Thomas Henry Burke, was stabbed to death with surgical knives while walking from Dublin Castle. A small rebel group called the Invincibles was responsible. ^[7]

During Emergency thousands of tonnes of peat from bogs transported to Dublin and are stored in high piles along the main road in the park. ^{[8] [9] [10]}

Features

The park is divided among three civil parishes: Castle to the northwest, Chapelizod in the south and St James’ in the north. The latter is mainly centered south of the River Liffey around St James’ Church. The park has its own piece of legislation Phoenix Park Act, 1925 which includes giving powers to park rangers remove and arrest of criminals who do not obey their own rules, which include “A person shall act in violation of public morality in the park”. ^{[11 ] [12]}

Aras an Uachtarain

Main article: Aras an Uachtarain

The residence of the President of Ireland, Aras an Uachtarain, built in 1754, located in the park. As Viceregal Lodge, it was the official residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to the creation of the Irish Free State 1922nd

Dublin Zoo

Main article: Dublin Zoo

Dublin Zoo is one of Dublin’s main attractions. It houses more than 700 animals and tropical birds from around the world and was founded in 1830 ^[13]and opened to the public September 1, 1831 with animals from the London Society, making it the third oldest zoo in the world. Within a year, the zoo housed 123 species. ^[14]

cross Pontifical

Main article: Papal Cross § Papal Cross (Dublin, Ireland)

The Papal Cross was erected at the edge of the Fifteen Acres for the visit of Pope John Paul II on September 29, 1979. More than a million people attended an open-air mass in the park at that time. The white cross, which dominates its surroundings, is 35 meters (115 feet) high and was built with steel beams. It was installed with some difficulty. After several attempts, the cross was eventually erected in just two weeks before the Pope arrived ^[15]

Monument

The Wellington monument is 62 meters (203 feet) tall obelisk commemorating victories of the Duke of Wellington. It is the largest obelisk in Europe and would have been even higher if publicly signed the funding had run out. Designed by Robert Smirke are four bronze plaque cast from cannons captured at the Battle of Waterloo -three who have pictorial representations of Wellington’s career while the fourth has an inscription at the foot of the obelisk.

One other notable monuments are the “Phoenix Column” (shown in the header image above), a Corinthian column carved from Portland stone is centrally located on Chesterfield Avenue, the main street in the park, at the junction of Acres Road and Phoenix it. main entrance to Aras an Uachtarain^[16] a contemporary account described it as follows:

“About the middle of the park is a fluted column thirty feet high, with a phoenix in the capital, which was built by the Earl of Chesterfield during his viceregality.” ^[17] (1747)

Residence Deerfield

The Deerfield Residence (former Secretary of State’s Lodge ), originally built in 1776 was the former residence of the chief secretary for Ireland, and previously was Park Länsmans lodge.Det has been the official residence of the US Ambassador to Ireland since February 1927, and was until the beginning of 1960 US Embassy in Dublin. ^[18]

Phoenix Park Visitor Centre and Ashtown Castle

The oldest building in the park is Ashtown Castle, a restored medieval tower house dating from the 15th century. Restoration began in 1989 and it is located next to the visitor center which houses interpretive displays of 5500 years of park and area history.

People Gardens

The gardens, located near the Parkgate Street entrance, covers an area of 9 hectares (22 acres), and was re-opened in 1864. These gardens were originally founded in 1840 as the Promenade Grounds. They display Victorian horticulture, including ponds, playground, picnic area and bedding systems.A statue in the gardens dedicated to works Easter Rising ledareSeán Heuston.There is a plaque in memory of the Irish sculptor Jerome Connor at Infirmary Road, overlooking the garden, which he often visited. Hours are 8:00 to dusk.Closing times vary throughout the year.

Magazine Fort

Main article: Magazine Fort

The Magazine Fort in the southeastern part of the park marks the spot where the Phoenix Lodge was built by Sir Edward Fisher in 1611. In 1734 the house was demolished when the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset directed to a gunpowder provided to Dublin. An additional wing was added to the fort in 1801 for soldiers. It was the scene of the Christmas Raid in 1939.

The newspaper has continued satirically immortalized in a jingle of Jonathan Swift wrote:

” Now here is a testament to Irish feel, Irish wit is seen, when nothing is left that is worth defending, we are building a magazine .” Other points of interest

• In the southwest corner of the park is an area called the Furry Glenwhich has a series of short walks centered on a small lake with birds, plants and animals. Jay, normally a rather shy bird, is common and conspicuous here.
• State Guest House, Farmleigh, adjoins the park to the northwest.
• Headquarters of the Garda Síochána, police in Ireland, located in the park.
• National Ambulance Service College is at Saint Mary’s Hospital in Chapelizod side of the park. This building dates from 1766 and was the former Hibernian Military School.
• Ordnance Survey Ireland is located in Mountjoy House near Castlegate.The house was built in 1728 and was originally known as Mountjoy barracks that accommodated the mounted escort of Lord Lieutenant who lived in the Viceregal Lodge (now Aras an Uachtarain). ^[19]
• Adjacent to the park to the southeast are Irish Defence Forces “McKee Barracks. Built in 1888 as the Marlborough Barracks once housed 822 horses military. ^[20]
• Ratra house at the back of the Aras, was the home of Civil Defence Ireland since its founding in 1950 until 2006 when the headquarters was decentralized to Roscrea, County Tipperary. Named Ratra house at the first President of Ireland, Douglas Hyde who retired to the house in 1945 from his presidency. He named it after their homeland Ratra Park in Frenchpark, Roscommon, where he had made much of his writing. Built in 1876, Winston Churchill lived there from age 2-6. ^[21]
• Grange Gorman Military Cemetery is located just outside the walls of the park on Blackhorse Avenue.
• The park also features several sports fields for football, throwing, football, cricket and polo.
• Bohemian Football Club was founded in the Gate Lodge next to the North Circular Road entrance 1890. The club played its first games in the park’s Polo Grounds.
• On Conyngham Road, near South Circular Road junction, take the usual wall of an unusual arc before leveling off again marks the point where the Liffey bridge into the park via enjärnvägstunnel that continues for Wellington Monument. It is regularly used for freight, and some limited special passenger. It was used during World War II to store supplies of food. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

Environment

There are 351 identified plant species in the park; three of these are rare and protected. The park has retained almost all their old grasslands and forests and also rare examples of wetlands. ^[22] Deer were introduced in the park in the 1660s; the current 400-450 fallow deer descended from the original crew.^[23] 30% of the park is covered by trees, mainly deciduous trees.

A birdwatch survey in 2007-08 found 72 species of birds including buzzards, sparrowhawk, kestrel and Eurasian jay. The great spotted woodpecker, Ireland’s newest breeding bird has been spotted in the park several times. ^[24]

The park also has several streams, tributaries of the River Liffey.

In July and August 2006 when the Minister for Health, Mary Harney, has issued three decisions which exempts two new community health units, to be built at St Mary’s Hospital in the park, from the usual statutory planning permission, although the Phoenix Park is a designated and protected national monument. The Department of Health said the decision was made because of what it called the department’s “acute reaction to the acute crisis at the time,” although care units in operation since 2008, primarily for the elderly. ^[25]

In a 2009 conservative management plan for the park, the Office of Public Works (a Treasury agency) commented, “… the construction, without having to resort to normal planning procedures, two important developments in St.Mary’s Hospital illustrates the vulnerability of the Phoenix Park to internal development, which affects largely on the essential character of the park and its unique value as a historic designed landscape. “In a section titledpressures and threats on the Park , mum planning issues , expressed documents concern that” Without appropriate planning designation, there is a risk that the development can be done that is not in line with the integrated vision of this plan. “The document warned of similar risks to the integrity of the park as” uncoordinated construction … and the current state of some historical buildings such as the Magazine Fort, outbuildings below the St. Mary’s Hospital and Mountjoy House of Ordnance survey Complex. ” ^[16]

Events

Motorsport

Motorsport first took place in the Phoenix Park in 1903 when the Irish Gordon Bennett race speed trials held on the main straight for both cars and motorcycles. This was followed in 1929 by the Irish International Grand Prix;the first of three Irish motorsports Grands Prix. ^[26] Racing took place from 1932 until the beginning of World War II in 1939 and was revived again in 1949 with a sprint on the Oldtown circuit ^[27] followed the next year by a full racing meeting again and have been used in virtually uninterrupted until today.Over the years seven different circuits have been used, two of which are named after the famous Ferrari World Champion racing driver Mike Hawthorn.

Phoenix Park motor racing

After the Grand Prix events, continued Motor racing in the park even though the 1980s and 1990s and until 2012, with many events live on RTÉ. It contained many drivers including Eddie Jordan, Eddie Irvine and Tommy Byrne. However, it has been announced that the Phoenix Park motor racing once again ready to go ahead in 2016, on 30 and 31 July. This is expected to attract large crowds as a free admission event no tickets are required.

Great Ireland Run

The Great Ireland Run, a 10 km running competition has been held annually every April in Phoenix Park since 2003. It includes races for professional runners and the public, and the 2010 edition attracted over 11,000 participants. ^{[28] [29]} Athletes Sonia O ‘ Sullivan and Catherina McKiernan is among the competition’s previous winners.

concerts

Concerts have been performed in the park of conduct such as Coldplay, Duran Duran, Robbie Williams, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Ian Brown, justice, Kanye West, Arcade Fire, Tom Waits, Snow Patrol, Florence and the Machine, Swedish House Mafia, Snoop Dogg , Tinie Tempah, Calvin Harris and The Stone Roses.

Phoenix Park free festivals

Ubi Dwyer organized one-day free events between 1977 and 1980. ^[30] As the ‘International Times reported, “The Hollow Phoenix Park spun and danced to the rhythms of the World Peace Band, free spirits, Mod Quad Band, Frazzle, speed, Stryder, Axis, Tudd , skating to name a few. the whole thing was organized by gentle Ubi Dwyer was previously involved in Windsor affair of rock and the rest of England. Certainly the Irish version was positively lighthearted although the gain was too much for boxes. some chappies near the bandstand nearly whipped to death with his long hair as they responded to the bio-rhythms of the scene. ” ^[31] U2 played at the 1978 festival. ^[32]

Phoenix Cricket Club

Phoenix Cricket Club, the oldest cricket club in Ireland, founded in 1830 by John Parnell, father of Charles Stewart Parnell located in the park. During the 1930s, 1940s and 1970s, were the dominant club in Leinstercricket. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

popular culture

The park is prominent in James Joyce’s novel Finnegans Wake and tangentially in Ulysses .

In general, the Dublin postal districts on the Northside are odd numbers, while the Southside codes yet. An exception is Phoenix Park, located on the North Side, but is part of an even-numbered districts (Dublin 8).

See also

• Further reading gardens in Ireland
• Phoenix Park Racecourse

• Phoenix Park Conservation Management Plan: Consultation Draft, Office of Public Works, March 2009. Retrieved August 12, 2010. Includes detailed history and description of the Phoenix Park, its amenities, landscape, flora and fauna, archeology, architecture and other park matters.

References

1. Jump up ^ “Phoenix Park”. Logainm.ie. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
2. Jump up ^ “If – Phoenix Park”. Office of Public Works. Are downloaded January 2010.
3. Jump up ^ “Phoenix Park”. Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
4. Jump up ^ Richmond Park in London, England is greater in the area of 955 hectares (2,360 acres) but is a suburban royal park.
5. Jump up ^ Joyce, Weston St. John (1921). Neighbourhood Dublin (PDF).Dublin: MH Gill & Son. p. 416th
6. Jump up ^ “Secret history of the Phoenix Park.” Irish Independent.January 19, 2012.
7. Jump up ^ ROUNDELL, Julia (July-December 1906). Nineteenth century and after: Volume 60 London .. Spottiswoode & Co. pp 559-575. From a diary at Dublin Castle in Phoenix Park Trial
8. Jump up ^ “A farewell to the old sod.” Irish Independent. March 9, 2012.Retrieved June 12, 2012.
9. Jump up ^ Corcoran, Tony (2009). The goodness of Guinness: A Loving the history of the brewery, it’s people, and … New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. 83. ISBN 9,781,602,396,531th
10. Jump up ^ Gill Cummins, Maureen (2012). “Early Days: The Kildare Scheme and Turf Camps”. Taken from Sceal na Mona, Vol. 13, no. 60, December 2006, p70-72. Table na Mona. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
11. Jump up ^ “Phoenix Park Bye Laws”. Office of Public Works. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
12. Jump up ^ “Phoenix Park Act.” Office of Public Works. Retrieved 22 January 2012.
13. Jump up ^ “About Zoo – Zoo history.” Dublin Zoo. Retrieved ten May 2009.
14. Jump up ^ Kilfeather, Siobhán Marie (2005). Dublin: a cultural history.Oxford University Press. pp. 115-116. ISBN 0-19-518201-4.
15. Jump up ^ “Sights in the park”. Office of Public Works. Retrieved twelve August of 2010.
16. ^ Jump up to: ^ab “The Phoenix Park Conservation Management Plan: Consultation Draft March 2009” (PDF). Office of Public Works .March in 2009. Retrieved 12 August of 2010.
17. Jump up ^ careful Observer “Memories of half a century”, published in London (1838)
18. Jump up ^ “Ambassador’s residence.” The Embassy of the United States: – Ireland. Retrieved 27 September of 2010.
19. Jump up ^ “Ordnance Survey Ireland: A Brief History.” Ordnance Survey Ireland. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
20. Jump up ^ “McKee Barracks”. Dublin Public Library. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
21. Jump up ^ “Ratra House – A Brief History.” Civil Defence Ireland.Retrieved 22 January 2012.
22. Jump up ^ “Nature and Biodiversity”. Office of Public Works. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
23. Jump up ^ “Fauna”. Office of Public Works. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
24. Jump up ^ “The Birds of Phoenix Park, County Dublin BirdWatch Ireland in March 2008” (PDF).
25. Jump up ^ “Harney exempt Phoenix Park plan”. The Irish Times. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 11 August of 2010.
26. Jump up ^ PhoenixParkMotorRaces.org The Event . Retrieved 7 March 2007.
27. Jump up ^ Phoenix Park race tracks. Retrieved 7 March 2007.
28. Jump up ^ “Great day for a run as 11,000 take over the park.” Irish Independent. 19 April 2010. Retrieved April 25 of 2010.
29. Jump up ^ “Race history”. Great Ireland Run. Retrieved April 25 of 2010.
30. Jump up ^ International Times, January 1, 1980 – “UBI DWYER has launched a” Legalize it “campaign in Ireland”
31. Jump up ^ International Times, August 1, 1977 – “Ubi streamlines its Shillelagh”
32. Jump up ^ Memories of Ubi Dwyer – “The Phoenix Free Festival” by Gareth Byrne

The National Library of Ireland (Irish: Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann ) is Ireland’s national library is located in Dublin, in a building designed by Thomas Newenham Deane. DenMinister of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht is a member of the Irish Government is responsible for the library.

The mission of the National Library of Ireland is “to collect, preserve, promote and make accessible the documentary and intellectual record of the life of Ireland and to contribute to the provision of access to the larger universe of recorded knowledge”

The library is a reference library, and as such, are not suitable. It has a great variety of Irish and Irish-related material that can be consulted free of charge; This includes books, maps, manuscripts, music, newspapers, magazines and photographs. Included in their collections are materials issued by both private and state publishers.

The Chief Herald of Ireland and national photo archives are linked to the library. The library exhibits and keeps an archive of Irish newspapers. It is also the ISSN National Centre for Ireland. The library also offers a range of other services, including family history.

Main Library building is on Kildare Street, adjacent to Leinster House and the archeology section of the National Museum of Ireland.

History

National Library of Ireland was established by the Dublin Science and Art Museum Act, 1877, which provided the bulk of the collections in the possession of the Royal Dublin Society, should rest on the then Department of science and art for the benefit of the public and society, and in the context of Act.

An agreement of 1881 provided that the library should work under the supervision of the Council of twelve Trustees, of which eight are appointed by the society and four by the government; this agreement is also given on the Trustees’ obligation to appoint the officers of the library. This arrangement remains in place until the library became an independent cultural institution in 2005.

After the founding of the Irish Free State in 1924/5 library was transferred to the Department of Education under which it remained until 1986 when it was transferred to the Department of An Taoiseach.1927 library granted duty status under the Industrial and Commercial Property (Protection) Act, 1927. In 1992, the library is transferred to the newly formed Department of Arts, culture and the Gaeltacht (now Arts, sport and tourism) and three May 2005. it an independent cultural institution for national cultural institutions Act, 1997.

Collections

National Library of Ireland holds collections of archival documents, including personal notes and workbooks, the following prominent author:

• Roddy Doyle ^[1]
• Seamus Heaney ^[1]
• Michael D. Higgins ^[1]
• James Joyce ^[1]
• Colm Tóibín ^[1]
• William Butler Yeats ^[1]

See also

• List of Ireland-related topics
• Thomas William Lyster, director of the library between 1895 and 1920th
• National Archives of Ireland
• National photo archive
• Trinity College Library, Dublin
• UCD Library

References

1. ^ Jump up to: ^abcdef . Telford, Lyndsey (21 December 2011), “Seamus Heaney declutters home and donate personal notes to the National Library.” Irish Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved 21 December 2011.

The National Gallery of Ireland (Irish: Gailearaí Náisiúnta na hÉireann ) houses the Irish national collection of Irish and European art. It is located in the center avDublin with one entrance on Merrion Square, beside Leinster House, and another on Clare Street. Due to ongoing renovations, the Clare Street entrance one hour. It was founded in 1854 and opened its doors ten years later. The gallery has an extensive, representative collection of Irish painting and is also known for its Italian Baroque ochholländska masters painting. The current director is Sean Rainbird. Admission is free.

History

1853 exhibition, the great industrial exhibition was held on the lawns of Leinster House in Dublin. Among the most popular exhibits was a substantial display of works of art organized and underwritten by the railway magnate William Dargan. The enthusiasm of the visiting crowds demonstrated publicly for the arts, and it was decided to establish a permanent public art collection as a lasting monument of gratitude to Dargan. The moving spirit behind the proposal was attorney John Edward Pigot (1822-1871), the son of David Richard Pigot, Chief Baron of the Irish Finance Minister, and he became one of the first councils in the gallery. ^[1]The facade copies the Natural History Museum building National Museum of Ireland that already was planned for the facing flank of Leinster House.The building was designed by Francis Fowke, based on early plans of Charles Lanyon and was completed and opened in 1864th

The gallery was unlucky not to have been founded around an existing collection, but through diligent and skillful purchase, when it opened had 125 paintings. ^{[ Citation needed ]} In 1866, an annual purchase grant was established in 1891 and the space is already limited. In 1897, the Dowager Countess of Milltown indicated her intention of donating the contents of Russborough House to the Gallery. This gift included about 223 paintings, 48 sculptures, 33 engravings, much silver, furniture and library, and prompted construction from 1899 to 1903 of what is now called the Milltown Wing, designed by Thomas Newenham Deane.

By this time Henry Vaughan left 31 watercolors by JMW Turner with the requirement that they could only be exhibited in January, this to protect them from the negative effects of sunlight. Though modern lighting technology has made this provision unnecessary, Gallery continues to restrict viewing of the Vaughan legacy to January and the exhibition is treated as something of an occasion.

Another significant heritage came with the untimely death in the sinking of the Lusitania of Hugh Lane (1875-1915), since 1914 director of the Gallery;not only did he leave a large collection of pictures, he also left a portion of their remaining property and the Lane Fund has continued to contribute to the purchase of works of art to this day. In addition to its commitment in the gallery Hugh Lane has also hoped to found a gallery of modern art, just something I realized after his death in Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane.George Bernard Shaw also made a significant legacy, leave the gallery of royalty-third of his property in gratitude for the time he spent there as a youth.

The Gallery again was extended in 1962 with a new wing designed by Frank Duberry by the Office of Public Works. This opened in 1968 and is now named the Beit Wing. In 1978 the gallery received from the government the paintings given to the nation by Chester Beatty and in 1987 Sweeney Bequest brought fourteen works of art including paintings by Picasso and Jack B. Yeats. The same year the gallery is again considering some of the contents of Russborough House when Alfred Beit donated 17 masterpieces, including paintings by Velázquez, Murillo, Steen, Vermeer and Raeburn.

In the 1990s a lost Caravaggio, Judas Kiss , known through replicas, was discovered hanging in a Jesuit house of studies in Leeson Street in Dublin by Sergio Benedetti, senior conservator of the gallery. The Jesuits have generously allowed this painting to be exhibited in the gallery, and the discovery was the cause of national excitement. The painting was loaned to an Italian gallery February to July 2010 as part of Caravaggio’s 400th anniversary. In 1997 Anne Yeats donated kiss by her uncle Jack Yeats and the Gallery now includes a Yeats Museum. Denis Mahon, a well-known art critic, promised the Gallery part of his rich collection and eight painting from his promised inheritance is on permanent display, including Jacob blesses Josephby Guercino.

The directors of the gallery have been: George Mulvany, 1862-1869; Henry Doyle, 1869-1892, Walter Armstrong, 1892-1914, Hugh Lane, 1914-1915;Robert Langton Douglas, 1916-1923; Lucius O’Callaghan, 1923-1927;Thomas Bodkin, 1927-1935; George Furlong, 1935-1950; Thomas McGreevy, 1950-1963, James White, 1964-1980; Homan Potterton, 1980-1988; Raymond Keaveney, 1988-2012; Sean Rainbird 2012-present.

Millennium Wing

A new wing, called the Millennium Wing, was opened in 2002. Unlike the previous two extensions, this new wing street frontage and English architects Benson & Forsyth gave it an imposing Bowers Whitbed, Portland stone façade and large atrium. The design originally involved demolishing an adjoining Georgian terrace house and its ballroom mews; However, the Irish planning appeals authority, An Bord Pleanála, required that they be preserved. Millennium Wing is not without its critics: it is unforgiving of poor maintenance and compromise in the design in accordance with An Bord Pleanála resulted in a final formulation diluted from the original competition winning building concepts. Circulation space also lacks clarity, but it is widely believed that these flaws are trivial details set against the drama of the building. In line with its Brutalist style, the interior concrete walls remain unsealed.

Comprehensive plan

In March 2011, the Office of Public Works (OPW), work began gallery historic complex on Merrion Square to address a critical need of repair and renovation of the existing building fabric. The first phase of the work program, which involved the removal and replacement of the Dargan Wing roof, is now complete. The next two phases of the project will involve redesigning and replacing the Milltown Wing roof, followed by an extensive upgrade of the fabric of the buildings and services. Renovation of the two wings is scheduled to be completed in 2016. A small window that provides an architectural overview of the gallery is now open in the Beit Wing of the room 13A.

Location, access and facilities

National Gallery of Ireland is located in the heart of Georgian Dublin. There are two entrances, one on Merrion Square and at Clare Street. Merrion Square entrance is closed for renovation. Admission to the gallery is free and many talks, tours and events as well as audio guide is also free. The gallery launched a free smartphone app in 2013.

Dublin Bus routes 4, 7, 8, 39a and 46a all past gallery. Pearse Street DART Station is 5 minutes walk as is the Saint Stephen’s Green stop on the Green Line of the LUAS. Abbey Street stop on the Red Line of the LUAS is a 20-minute walk away. There are two Dublin Bikes stations just outside the gallery, one in Clare Street and others at Merrion Square West.

All galleries and entrances are wheelchair and stroller accessible and there are disabled parking spaces outside Merrion Square entrance. Tours for visually and hearing impaired are regularly organized. Visitors with guide dogs are welcome in the gallery. The lecture theater, room and gallery shop is equipped with a system for the deaf loop.

Highlights

The collection has about 14,000 works of art, of which about 2,500 oil paintings, 5,000 drawings, 5,000 prints and some sculpture, furniture and other artwork.

Spanish

• Luis de Morales (c.1592-86) St Jerome in the Wilderness 1570s
• Jusepe de Ribera (1591? -1652) St. Onuphrius late 1620s
• Velazquez Diego (1599-1660) the cook with supper Emmaus c.1617-18
• Francisco Zurbarán (1598-1664) of the Immaculate Conception in the early 1660s
• Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617-1682) The Return of the Prodigal Sonc.1660
• Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828) Dona Antonia Zaratec.1805-06
• Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973) Still Life with Mandolin 1924
• Juan Gris (1887-1927) Pierrot 1921

French

• Jacques Yverni (flourished 1410-1438) Annunciation c.1435
• Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665)
  • Acis and Galatea 1627-1628
  • Lamentation over the Dead Christ 1657-1660
• Jean Lemaire (1598-1659) Architecture Landscape with Classical Figures1627-30
• Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (1699-1779) Still Life: two rabbits, a gray partridge, Game Bag and Powder Flask 1731
• Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806) Venus and Cupid (Day) c.1755
• Eugène Delacroix (1798-1863) Demosthenes on the beach 1859
• Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) Portrait of Adolphe Marlet 1851
• Alfred Sisley (1819-1899) the banks of the Canal du Loing at Saint-Mammes 1888
• Claude Monet (1840-1926) Argenteuil Basin with a single Sailboat 1874
• Paul Signac (1863-1935) Lady on the terrace 1898
• Kees van Dongen (1877-1968) Stella in a floral hat c.1907
• Chaim Soutine (1893-1943) Landscape with staircase c.1922

Italian

• Master of Verucchio (14 century) Crucifixion, Noli me Tangere c.1330-40
• Fra Angelico (1417-1455) St. Cosmas and Damian and their brothers survivors Stake c.1440-42
• Zanobi Strozzi (attribute) (1412-1468) Assumption of the Virgin with STS Jerome and Francis 1460s
• Filippino Lippi (1457-1504) Portrait of a musician late 1480s
• Titian (c.1485 / 90-1576) Ecce Homo c.1558 / 60
• Giovanni Battista Moroni (before 1524-1578) Portrait of a gentleman and his two children c.1570
• Caravaggio (1571-1610) Judas Kiss 1602
• Guido Reni (1575-1624) suicide Cleopatra c.1639-40
• Domenichino (1581-1641) Saint Mary Magdalene c.1625
• Guercino (1591-1666) Jacob blessing the sons of Jacob c.1620
• Sassoferrato (1609-85) Virgin and Child 1630s
• Luca Giordano (1634-1705) Venus, Mars and the Forge of Vulcan 1660
• Carlo Maratta (1625-1713) Rape of Europa c. 1680-5
• Francesco Solimena (1657-1747) Allegory of Winter c.1690
• Canaletto (1697-1768) St. St. Mark’s Square c.1756
• Ugolino di Nerio (early 14th Century) The prophet Isaiah
• Paolo Uccello (1397-1475) Virgin and Child

German and Swiss

• Salzburg School Christ on the cross with the Virgin Mary and Johnc.1430
• Master of Youth St. Romold (active c.1490) St. Romold farewell to his parents, c.1490
• Georg Pencz (active 1500-1550) Portrait of a Gentleman 1549
• Angelika Kauffmann (1741-1807) The Ely Family 1771
• Emil Nolde (1867-1956) Two women in a garden in 1915

Flemish

• Pieter Bruegel the Younger (1564-c.1637) Peasant Wedding 1620
• Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) St. Peter find Tribute Money 1617-1618
• Jacob Jordaens (1593-1678)
  • The veneration of the Eucharist, c.1630
  • Night Emmaus c.1645-65
• Anthony van Dyck (1599-1641) a boy standing on a terrace c.1623-24

Dutch

• Marinus van Reymerswaele (written) (c.1490 / 95-c.1567) Calling of Matthew c.1530-40
• Gerrit van Honthorst (1590-1656) A Musical Party c.1616-18
• Rembrandt (studio) (1606-1669) La Main Chaude c.1628
• Willem Cornelisz Duyster (1599-1635) Interior with soldiers in 1632
• Aelbert Cuyp (1620-91) dairy 1640s?
• Matthias Stomer (1600-after 1650) Arrest of Christ, c.1641
• Rembrandt (1606-1669) Landscape with the Rest on the Flight into Egypt1647
• Willem Drost (1652-1680) Bust of a man wearing a large-brimmed hatc.1654
• Anthonie de Lorme (1610-1673) Interior of St Laurenskerk, Rotterdamc.1660-65
• Gabriel Metsu (1629-1667)
  • You write a Letter c.1663
  • Woman reading a letter c.1663
• Jan Steen (1625 / 26-79)
  • Byskolan c.1665
  • The wedding at Cana 1665-1670
• Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675) Lady writing a letter, together with its maiden c.1670
• Cornelis Troost (1696-1750) Jeronimus Tonneman and his son Jeronimus 1736
• Nicolaes the Giselaer Interior with Figures
• Emanuel de Witte Church Interior
• Frans Hals Fisher Boy With Basket

British and American

• William Hogarth (1697-1764)
  • The Western Family c.1738
  • The Mackinen Children c.1747
• Thomas Gainsborough 1727-1788
  • A view in Suffolk c.1746
  • Mrs. Christopher Horton (1743-1808) later Duchess of Cumberlandin 1766
  • The Cottage Girl 1785
• Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792)
  • Parody of Raphael’s “School of Athens” 1751
  • Temple Family 1780-1782
  • Omai in 1776 (on loan from a private collection)
  • Charles Coote, the first Earl of Bellamont 1776
• Henry Raeburn (1756-1823) , Sir John and Lady Clerk of Penicuik 1791
• George Romney (1734-1802) , Titania, Puck and Changling, from Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” in 1793
• John Singer Sargent (1856-1925) The Bead Stringers Venice 1880-1882
• Stanley Royle (1888-1961) The Goose Girl c.1921
• Francis Wheatley (1747-1801) The Dublin Volunteers at College Green, 4 November 1779 1779-1780
• Andrew Festing (1941-present)

irish

The Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife (1854) by Daniel Maclise, a romanticized depiction of the marriage of Aoife MacMurrough1170

• Kevin Abosch (photographer) (1969) “Portrait of Brian O’Driscoll” 2011
• James Barry (1741-1806)
  • The Temptation of Adam 1767-1770
  • Self Portrait as Timanths c.1780-1803
  • The Death of Adonis
• Augustus Nicholas Burke (1838-1891) Connemara Girl (1865) .
• Nathaniel Hone the Elder (1718-1784) The Wizard , 1775
• Hugh Douglas Hamilton (1740-1808) Frederick Hervey, Bishop of Derry and fourth Earl of Bristol (1730-1803), with his granddaughter Lady Caroline Crichton (1779-1856), in the gardens of Villa Borghese, Romec.1790
• Francis Danby (1793-1861) The opening of the sixth seal , 1828
• Daniel Maclise (1806-1870) The Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife , 1854
• Sarah Purser (1848-1943) Le Petit Dejeuner 1881
• Roderic O’Conor (1860-1940) Le Jeune Bretonne c.1895
• Walter Osborne (1859-1903) in a Dublin Park, light and shadow c.1895
• John Lavery (1856-1941) The Artist’s Studio: Lady Hazel Lavery with her daughter and stepdaughter Alice Eileen 1909-1913
• Paul Henry (1876-1958) Start Currach 1910-1911
• William John Leech (1881-1968) Convent Garden, Brittany c.1912
• Sean Keating (1889-1977) an allegory c.1922
• Mainie Jellett (1897-1944) Decoration 1923
• Gerard Dillon (1916-1971) The Little Green Fields c.1945
• Louis le Brocquy (1916) A family in 1951
• William Orpen (1878-1931) “Portrait of John Count McCormack” 1923

Yeats Collection

• Jack B. Yeats (1871-1957)
  • Bachelor’s Walk, in memory 1915 (on loan from a private collection) ^[2]
  • Liffey Swim 1923
  • One morning in a city in 1937
  • grief 1952
• John Butler Yeats (1839-1922) John O’Leary in 1904

Drawings and watercolors

• James Malton (1760-1803) The Custom House
• Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) Fishing boats at Folkestone Beach
• Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882) Jane Burden as Queen Guinevere in 1858
• Frederick William Burton (1816-1900) Hellelil and Hildebrand, meeting on the Turret Stairs, 1864 1864
• James Abbott McNeill Whistler (1834-1903) Nocturne in gray and gold – Piccadilly, 1881-1883
• Edgar Degas (1834-1917) Two Ballet Dancers in a dressing room
• Pablo Ruiz Picasso (1881-1973) Two Dancers in 1925

See also

• Art gallery
• Irish art
• List of Irish artists
• Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery
• The Irish Museum of Modern Art

References

1. Jump up ^ National Gallery of Ireland Act 1854 7.
2. Jump up^http://www.nationalgallery.ie/en/aboutus/pressroom/2009PressReleases/Recovered_Yeats_painting.aspx

• Raymond Keaveney (2002), The National Gallery of Ireland: The Essential Guide . London. Scala Publishers ISBN 1-85759-267-0
• Homan Fullerton (2003), The National Gallery of Ireland in Brian Lalor (Ed.) The Encyclopedia of Ireland . Dublin. Gill & Macmillan, ISBN 0-7171-3000-2
• Homan Fullerton, Introduction to the National Gallery of Ireland: illustrated summary catalog of paintings . Dublin. Gill & Macmillan, ISBN 0-7171-1145-8

Little Museum of Dublin is a people’s museum in Dublin, located at 15 St.Stephens Green, Dublin, Ireland. The museum is located in an 18th century Georgian house, owned by Dublin City Council.

A folk museum

As a civic museum of the city of Dublin, the Little Museum chronicles the history of the city in the 20th century. It gives visitors an intimate and informative insight into life in Dublin during this time period. Little Museum “idea” by director Trevor White and curator Simon O’Connor, was formed in April 2011 and officially opened its doors to the public in October of the same year. ^[1] A registered charity, the Museum is governed by a board consisting of representatives Dublin City Council and Fáilte Ireland, the national tourism development authority.

The museum has a collection of over 5,000 artifacts that have been donated or borrowed directly from the people of Dublin. It has three floors of exhibition space in the Georgian city home, a floor for office, and an acclaimed Irish pub, Hatch & Sons Irish kitchen in the basement. Areas of interest in the museum’s exhibitions include 1916 Rising, US President John F. Kennedy’s visit to Dublin, and many other groundbreaking events in Irish political and social history. The museum has also recently opened a new exhibition that focuses exclusively on the success of the rock band U2. ^[2]

The museum also offers the “I Love Dublin” classes for school children aged 6-17, and a tourist greeter program, City of a thousand welcomes. The program is a “citizen’s initiative” which connects first-time visitors to Dublin with a local “ambassador” who welcomes them by taking them out for a cup of tea or a pint. During the tour the ambassadors tell their guests about the city and introduce them to Ireland’s “outstanding hospitality.” ^[3] The program has been very successful so far; Sydney Morning Herald describing it as “the best free thing to do in Europe.” ^[4]

The museum received a new wave of publicity when it bought an archive of work by the artist and poet Christy Brown. As March 19, 2014 Little Museum and the National Library of Ireland was proud co-owner of a collection that includes private letters and previously unseen sketches, paintings and poems. The collection was sold by Bonhams in London for nearly € 45,000. ^[5]

Patron of the small museum include Dublin City Council, Dublin Regional Authority, Fáilte Ireland, the Merrion Hotel and Porter Bars. ^[6]

Awards and attention

In 2012, the little Museum of Dublin nominated for the European Museum of the Year Award.

In May 2013 the Irish Times described the small museum that “the best museum experience in Dublin”. ^[7] In 2014 TripAdvisor awarded the small museum with a Certificate of Excellence for the third consecutive year. They rank the small museum as # 10 attractions to see in Dublin, ^[8] making it the second most popular museum in Dublin. In February 2014 the museum won the David Manley Award for new entrepreneurs in the category Arts. ^[9]

Over 25,000 people visited the small museum in the first full year of operation. In 2013 the figure was 51,500, an increase of 114%.

References

1. Jump up ^ “Visit the small museum, says Ethine Owens’ Ethine Owens in Vulgo, retrieved 17 July 2013.
2. Jump up ^ “U2: Made in Dublin” Retrieved March 20, 2014
3. Jump up ^ city of a thousand welcomes
4. Jump up ^ “Warning: Dip Ahead” Jane Reddy, June 30, 2013 in the Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
5. Jump up ^ Christy Brown Collection saved
6. Jump up ^ “The Little Museum of Dublin” Ask about Ireland, retrieved 17 July 2013.
7. Jump up ^ “Best of … Culture” Rosa Abbott and Daniel Gray May 18, 2013 in the Irish Times. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
8. Jump up ^ “The Little Museum of Dublin” About, retrieved July 17, 2013.
9. Jump up ^ “David Manley Award Winners’ retrieved 20 March 2014

Kilmainham Gaol (Irish: Príosún Chill Mhaighneann ) is a former prison in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland. It is now a museum run by the Office of Public Works, an agency avIrlands government. Many Irish revolutionaries, including the leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising, imprisoned and executed in prison by the British.

History

When it was first built in 1796, Kilmainham Gaol was called “New Gaol” to distinguish it from the old prison that is intended to replace – a foul dungeon, just a few hundred meters from the present site. It was officially called theCounty Gaol, Dublin , and was originally operated by the Grand Jury of County Dublin.

Originally, public hangings took place at the front of the prison. ^[1] However, from the 1820s onwards, very few hangings, public or private, took place at Kilmainham. ^[1] A small hanging cell built in the prison in 1891. It is located on the first floor, between the West wing and the east wing.

There was no segregation of prisoners; men, women and children were incarcerated for up to five in each cell, with only a single candle for light and heat. Most of his time was spent in the cold and dark, and every light had to last for two weeks. Its cells was about 28 square meters in area. ^[1]

Children are sometimes arrested for shoplifting, the youngest is said to be a seven year old child, ^[1] , while many of the adult prisoners were transported to Australia.

Kilmainham on the poor conditions in which female prisoners were subject to the spur of the next stage of development. Remarkably, for a time that prided itself on a protective setting for the “weaker sex”, conditions for female prisoners were constantly lower than for men. Already in his 1809 report, the inspector had observed that male prisoners were provided with iron beds while females “lay on straw on the flags in the cells and common rooms.” Half a century later, there was little improvement. The women department, located in the west wing, remained full.

After independence period

Kilmainham Gaol was decommissioned as a prison by the Irish Free State government in 1924. ^[2] mainly seen as an area of oppression and suffering, it was at this time not declared interest in its preservation as a monument to the struggle for national independence. Prison potential function as a place of national memory was also undercut and complicated by the fact that the first four republican prisoners executed by the Free State government during the Irish Civil War was shot in the prison yard. ^[3]

The Irish Prison Board was considering reopening it as a prison during the 1920s, but all such plans was finally abandoned in 1929. In 1936, the government considered the demolition of the prison, but the price of that commitment was seen as prohibitive. Republican interest on the site began to develop from the end of the 1930s, especially with the proposal of the National Graves Association, a republican organization, to preserve the site as both a museum and memorial to the 1916 Easter Rising. ^[4] This proposal received no objection from the Commissioners of Public Works, which costed at £ 600, and the negotiations were concluded with the Ministry of education about the possibility of moving objects relating to 1916 rises housed in the National Museum to the new museum at Kilmainham Gaol place. Department of Education rejected this proposal, see the site as unsuitable for this purpose, and suggested instead that the paintings of nationalist leaders can be installed in appropriate prison cells. But with the advent of Emergency proposal was shelved during the war. ^[5]

An architectural study Office of Public Works after World War II showed that the prison was in a ruinous state. With the Department of Education is still adamant to the site’s transformation into a nationalist museum and without other apparent function of the building, the Commissioners of Public Works proposed only the prison yard and the cell blocks that are considered of national importance should be preserved and that the rest of the site should be demolished. This proposal has not been acted upon. ^[6]

In 1953 Prime Minister’s Office, as part of the system to create jobs, revised draft National Graves Association to restore the prison and establish a museum at the site. However, no advances have been made and the material conditions of the prison continued to deteriorate. ^[7]

Kilmainham Gaol Restoration Society

From the late 1950’s a grassroots movement for the preservation of Kilmainham Gaol began to develop. Provoked by reports that the Office of Public Works received bids for the demolition of the building, Lorcan CG Leonard, a young engineer from the north side of Dublin, along with a small number of like-minded nationalists, formed Kilmainham Gaol Restoration Society in 1958 to compensate for any disruption among its members society agreed that they should not take any of the events associated with the Civil war period in relation to the restoration project. Instead, a story about uniform national struggle would be articulated. A system was then designed to the prison to be restored and a museum built using volunteer labor and donated materials. ^{[8] [9]}

With the momentum of the project grows, Irish Congress of Trade Unions informed the community that they would not object to their plan and construction Council gave its support. It is also likely that the Dublin Corporation, which had shown interest in the preservation of the prison, supported the proposal. At this time the Irish government came under increasing pressure from the National Graves Association and old IRA Literary and Debating Society to take steps to preserve the site. Thus, when society left its plan in late 1958 that the government looked favorably on a proposal that would achieve this goal without creating any significant financial commitment from the state. ^[10]

In February 1960 society’s detailed plan for the restoration project, which among other things also thought the site’s development as a tourist attraction, got the approval of the notoriously stingy Department of Finance. The formal handover of the keys in prison to a board consisting of five members appointed by the community and two of the government occurred in May 1960. The managers were charged a nominal rent of a penny rent per year to extend a period of five years, at which time it is thought that the restored prison would be permanently transferred to the trustee “custodial care. ^{[11] [12]}

Starting with a workforce of sixty volunteers May 1960 ^[13] society set about clearing the overgrown vegetation, trees, fallen masonry and bird droppings from the site. By 1962 flagship prison yard where the leaders of the 1916 uprising were executed had been cleared of rubble and weeds and the restoration of the Victorian part of the prison completed. ^[11] The final restoration of the site in 1971 when Kilmainham Gaol chapel was re-opened to the public have reroofed and refloored and with its altar reconstructed.The Magill family functioned as residential caretakers, especially Joe Magill who worked on the restoration of the prison from the beginning to the Gaol was handed over to the Office of Public Works. ^[14]

It now houses a museum on the history of Irish nationalism and offers guided tours of the building. An art gallery on the top floor exhibits paintings, sculptures and jewelry of prisoners incarcerated in prisons throughout contemporary Ireland.

Kilmainham Gaol is one of the largest unoccupied prisons in Europe. ^{[ Citation needed ]} now empty of prisoners, it is filled with history. It has been aptly described as the ‘Irish Bastille “. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

historical significance

Edmund Wellisha, chief guard at the prison, was convicted in nourishing prisoners to support upproret.Sedan its restoration has Kilmainham Gaol understood ^{[ by whom? ]} As one of the main Irish monuments of modern times in relation to the story of the fight for Irish independence. During the time period that extends from its opening in 1796 to its disappearance in 1924, it has been, except for the notable exception of Daniel O’Connell and Michael Collins, a place of detention of any major Irish nationalist leaders of both constitutional and physical violence traditions. Thus its history as an institution closely connected with the history of Irish nationalism. The majority of the Irish leaders in the rebellion in 1798, 1803, 1848, 1867 and 1916 were imprisoned there. There are also prisoners during the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) and many of the anti-Treaty forces during the Civil War period. Charles Stewart Parnell was imprisoned in Kilmainham Gaol, along with most of his parliamentary colleagues in 1881-1882 when he signed the Kilmainham Treaty with William Gladstone. ^[15]

Former prisoners

Cell in Éamon de Valera.

• Henry Joy McCracken, 1796
• Oliver Bond, 1798 (Bond, born in St Johnston, County Donegal, was to die in prison).
• James Bartholomew Blackwell, 1799
• James Napper Tandy, 1799
• Robert Emmet, 1803
• Anne Devlin, 1803
• Thomas Russell, 1803
• Michael Dwyer, 1803
• William Smith O’Brien, 1848
• Thomas Francis Meagher 1848
• Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, 1867
• John O’Connor Power, 1868
• JE Kenny, 1881
• Charles Stewart Parnell, 1881
• William O’Brien, 1881
• James Joseph O’Kelly 1881
• John Dillon, 1882
• Willie Redmond, 1882
• Joe Brady (Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Daniel Curley, (Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Tim Kelly, (the Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Thomas Caffrey, (Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Michael Fagan, (Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Michael Davitt
• Patrick Pearse, 1916
• Willie Pearse, (younger brother of Patrick Pearse) 1916
• James Connolly (run, but not held at Kilmainham) 1916
• Conn Colbert, 1916
• Constance Markiewicz, 1916
• Éamon de Valera, 1916
• Paul Galligan, 1916
• John MacBride 1916
• Joseph Plunkett, 1916
• Michael O’Hanrahan 1916
• Edward Daly, 1916
• Grace Gifford, (wife of Joseph Plunkett) (1922)
• Ernie O’Malley, during the Revolutionary War and the Civil War
• Peadar O’Donnell, during the Civil War
• Frank McBreen, during the War
• Thomas MacDonagh 1916
• Thomas Clarke, 1916
• Mairead De Lappe, during the Civil War. (Mother program Mr Mac Aonghusa)
• Madeleine ffrench-Mullen, 1916

Movies

The following movies have been filmed at Kilmainham Gaol:

• The Quare Fellow 1962
• The Face of Fu Manchu , 1965 (starring Christopher Lee)
• The Italian Job , 1969
• The Mackintosh Man , 1973
• The Last Remake of Beau Geste , 1977
• The Whistleblower , 1987
• Babe , 1992
• In the Name of the Father , 1993
• Michael Collins , 1996
• Adventure The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (2000) – Love Sweet Song
• The Escapist , 2008 (starring Brian Cox)
• The Price of Freedom 2006

A music video for the U2 song “A tribute” was filmed in Kilmainham Gaol in July 1982. The prison was also used in the 2012 BBC series Ripper Street and 2011 series of ITV’s Primeval .

photographs

More images in Wikimedia Commons

• Prisoner crafts in Kilmainham Jail Museum.
• A view of Patrick Pearse cell.
• Mural painting of a Madonna painted by Grace Gifford Plunkett while she held during the Civil War.
• Robert Emmet’s cell door.
• A view of the landing where in 1916 the leaders were held before they are implemented.
• The view from the prison farms.
• The view from the prison farms.
• Cross marks the site of the execution of the leaders of the 1916 Rising.
• Cross marks the site of the execution of James Connolly.
• Plaque marking the execution of the leaders of the 1916 Rising.
• Entrance to Kilmainham Gaol, five snakes in Chains above the entrance.

See also

• Prisons in Ireland

References

1. ^ Jump up to: ^abcd “Kilmainham Jail, Dublin”. Tourist-information-dublin.co.uk. Pulled 06/28/2013.
2. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 186. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
3. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4). 186-87 doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
4. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 188. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
5. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 189. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
6. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 190. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
7. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4). 190-91 doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
8. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (2007). “National identity and tourism in the twentieth century Ireland: the role of collective re-imagining”. In Michael Young, Eric Zuelow and Andreas Sturm (eds). Nationalism in a Global Era: Persistence of Nations .London: Routledge. pp. 150-51. ISBN 0-415-41405-9.
9. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4). 191-93 doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
10. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 194. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
11. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 196. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
12. Jump up ^ Kilmainham Jail Restoration Society (c. 1960). Kilmainham.Dublin. p. 3.
13. Jump up ^ “More volunteers needed to work in prison.” Irish Independent. May 31, 1960.
14. Jump up ^ “Kilmainham Jail chapel opened again.” Irish Independent.October 25, 1971.
15. Jump up ^ Cooke, Pat (2006). “Kilmainham Gaol: confronting change”.(2002- Irish Arts Review. 23 : 42.

Kilmainham Gaol (Irish: Príosún Chill Mhaighneann ) is a former prison in Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland. It is now a museum run by the Office of Public Works, an agency avIrlands government. Many Irish revolutionaries, including the leaders of the 1916 Easter Rising, imprisoned and executed in prison by the British.

History

When it was first built in 1796, Kilmainham Gaol was called “New Gaol” to distinguish it from the old prison that is intended to replace – a foul dungeon, just a few hundred meters from the present site. It was officially called theCounty Gaol, Dublin , and was originally operated by the Grand Jury of County Dublin.

Originally, public hangings took place at the front of the prison. ^[1] However, from the 1820s onwards, very few hangings, public or private, took place at Kilmainham. ^[1] A small hanging cell built in the prison in 1891. It is located on the first floor, between the West wing and the east wing.

There was no segregation of prisoners; men, women and children were incarcerated for up to five in each cell, with only a single candle for light and heat. Most of his time was spent in the cold and dark, and every light had to last for two weeks. Its cells was about 28 square meters in area. ^[1]

Children are sometimes arrested for shoplifting, the youngest is said to be a seven year old child, ^[1] , while many of the adult prisoners were transported to Australia.

Kilmainham on the poor conditions in which female prisoners were subject to the spur of the next stage of development. Remarkably, for a time that prided itself on a protective setting for the “weaker sex”, conditions for female prisoners were constantly lower than for men. Already in his 1809 report, the inspector had observed that male prisoners were provided with iron beds while females “lay on straw on the flags in the cells and common rooms.” Half a century later, there was little improvement. The women department, located in the west wing, remained full.

After independence period

Kilmainham Gaol was decommissioned as a prison by the Irish Free State government in 1924. ^[2] mainly seen as an area of oppression and suffering, it was at this time not declared interest in its preservation as a monument to the struggle for national independence. Prison potential function as a place of national memory was also undercut and complicated by the fact that the first four republican prisoners executed by the Free State government during the Irish Civil War was shot in the prison yard. ^[3]

The Irish Prison Board was considering reopening it as a prison during the 1920s, but all such plans was finally abandoned in 1929. In 1936, the government considered the demolition of the prison, but the price of that commitment was seen as prohibitive. Republican interest on the site began to develop from the end of the 1930s, especially with the proposal of the National Graves Association, a republican organization, to preserve the site as both a museum and memorial to the 1916 Easter Rising. ^[4] This proposal received no objection from the Commissioners of Public Works, which costed at £ 600, and the negotiations were concluded with the Ministry of education about the possibility of moving objects relating to 1916 rises housed in the National Museum to the new museum at Kilmainham Gaol place. Department of Education rejected this proposal, see the site as unsuitable for this purpose, and suggested instead that the paintings of nationalist leaders can be installed in appropriate prison cells. But with the advent of Emergency proposal was shelved during the war. ^[5]

An architectural study Office of Public Works after World War II showed that the prison was in a ruinous state. With the Department of Education is still adamant to the site’s transformation into a nationalist museum and without other apparent function of the building, the Commissioners of Public Works proposed only the prison yard and the cell blocks that are considered of national importance should be preserved and that the rest of the site should be demolished. This proposal has not been acted upon. ^[6]

In 1953 Prime Minister’s Office, as part of the system to create jobs, revised draft National Graves Association to restore the prison and establish a museum at the site. However, no advances have been made and the material conditions of the prison continued to deteriorate. ^[7]

Kilmainham Gaol Restoration Society

From the late 1950’s a grassroots movement for the preservation of Kilmainham Gaol began to develop. Provoked by reports that the Office of Public Works received bids for the demolition of the building, Lorcan CG Leonard, a young engineer from the north side of Dublin, along with a small number of like-minded nationalists, formed Kilmainham Gaol Restoration Society in 1958 to compensate for any disruption among its members society agreed that they should not take any of the events associated with the Civil war period in relation to the restoration project. Instead, a story about uniform national struggle would be articulated. A system was then designed to the prison to be restored and a museum built using volunteer labor and donated materials. ^{[8] [9]}

With the momentum of the project grows, Irish Congress of Trade Unions informed the community that they would not object to their plan and construction Council gave its support. It is also likely that the Dublin Corporation, which had shown interest in the preservation of the prison, supported the proposal. At this time the Irish government came under increasing pressure from the National Graves Association and old IRA Literary and Debating Society to take steps to preserve the site. Thus, when society left its plan in late 1958 that the government looked favorably on a proposal that would achieve this goal without creating any significant financial commitment from the state. ^[10]

In February 1960 society’s detailed plan for the restoration project, which among other things also thought the site’s development as a tourist attraction, got the approval of the notoriously stingy Department of Finance. The formal handover of the keys in prison to a board consisting of five members appointed by the community and two of the government occurred in May 1960. The managers were charged a nominal rent of a penny rent per year to extend a period of five years, at which time it is thought that the restored prison would be permanently transferred to the trustee “custodial care. ^{[11] [12]}

Starting with a workforce of sixty volunteers May 1960 ^[13] society set about clearing the overgrown vegetation, trees, fallen masonry and bird droppings from the site. By 1962 flagship prison yard where the leaders of the 1916 uprising were executed had been cleared of rubble and weeds and the restoration of the Victorian part of the prison completed. ^[11] The final restoration of the site in 1971 when Kilmainham Gaol chapel was re-opened to the public have reroofed and refloored and with its altar reconstructed.The Magill family functioned as residential caretakers, especially Joe Magill who worked on the restoration of the prison from the beginning to the Gaol was handed over to the Office of Public Works. ^[14]

It now houses a museum on the history of Irish nationalism and offers guided tours of the building. An art gallery on the top floor exhibits paintings, sculptures and jewelry of prisoners incarcerated in prisons throughout contemporary Ireland.

Kilmainham Gaol is one of the largest unoccupied prisons in Europe. ^{[ Citation needed ]} now empty of prisoners, it is filled with history. It has been aptly described as the ‘Irish Bastille “. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

historical significance

Edmund Wellisha, chief guard at the prison, was convicted in nourishing prisoners to support upproret.Sedan its restoration has Kilmainham Gaol understood ^{[ by whom? ]} As one of the main Irish monuments of modern times in relation to the story of the fight for Irish independence. During the time period that extends from its opening in 1796 to its disappearance in 1924, it has been, except for the notable exception of Daniel O’Connell and Michael Collins, a place of detention of any major Irish nationalist leaders of both constitutional and physical violence traditions. Thus its history as an institution closely connected with the history of Irish nationalism. The majority of the Irish leaders in the rebellion in 1798, 1803, 1848, 1867 and 1916 were imprisoned there. There are also prisoners during the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) and many of the anti-Treaty forces during the Civil War period. Charles Stewart Parnell was imprisoned in Kilmainham Gaol, along with most of his parliamentary colleagues in 1881-1882 when he signed the Kilmainham Treaty with William Gladstone. ^[15]

Former prisoners

Cell in Éamon de Valera.

• Henry Joy McCracken, 1796
• Oliver Bond, 1798 (Bond, born in St Johnston, County Donegal, was to die in prison).
• James Bartholomew Blackwell, 1799
• James Napper Tandy, 1799
• Robert Emmet, 1803
• Anne Devlin, 1803
• Thomas Russell, 1803
• Michael Dwyer, 1803
• William Smith O’Brien, 1848
• Thomas Francis Meagher 1848
• Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa, 1867
• John O’Connor Power, 1868
• JE Kenny, 1881
• Charles Stewart Parnell, 1881
• William O’Brien, 1881
• James Joseph O’Kelly 1881
• John Dillon, 1882
• Willie Redmond, 1882
• Joe Brady (Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Daniel Curley, (Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Tim Kelly, (the Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Thomas Caffrey, (Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Michael Fagan, (Phoenix Park murders) 1883
• Michael Davitt
• Patrick Pearse, 1916
• Willie Pearse, (younger brother of Patrick Pearse) 1916
• James Connolly (run, but not held at Kilmainham) 1916
• Conn Colbert, 1916
• Constance Markiewicz, 1916
• Éamon de Valera, 1916
• Paul Galligan, 1916
• John MacBride 1916
• Joseph Plunkett, 1916
• Michael O’Hanrahan 1916
• Edward Daly, 1916
• Grace Gifford, (wife of Joseph Plunkett) (1922)
• Ernie O’Malley, during the Revolutionary War and the Civil War
• Peadar O’Donnell, during the Civil War
• Frank McBreen, during the War
• Thomas MacDonagh 1916
• Thomas Clarke, 1916
• Mairead De Lappe, during the Civil War. (Mother program Mr Mac Aonghusa)
• Madeleine ffrench-Mullen, 1916

Movies

The following movies have been filmed at Kilmainham Gaol:

• The Quare Fellow 1962
• The Face of Fu Manchu , 1965 (starring Christopher Lee)
• The Italian Job , 1969
• The Mackintosh Man , 1973
• The Last Remake of Beau Geste , 1977
• The Whistleblower , 1987
• Babe , 1992
• In the Name of the Father , 1993
• Michael Collins , 1996
• Adventure The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (2000) – Love Sweet Song
• The Escapist , 2008 (starring Brian Cox)
• The Price of Freedom 2006

A music video for the U2 song “A tribute” was filmed in Kilmainham Gaol in July 1982. The prison was also used in the 2012 BBC series Ripper Street and 2011 series of ITV’s Primeval .

photographs

More images in Wikimedia Commons

• Prisoner crafts in Kilmainham Jail Museum.
• A view of Patrick Pearse cell.
• Mural painting of a Madonna painted by Grace Gifford Plunkett while she held during the Civil War.
• Robert Emmet’s cell door.
• A view of the landing where in 1916 the leaders were held before they are implemented.
• The view from the prison farms.
• The view from the prison farms.
• Cross marks the site of the execution of the leaders of the 1916 Rising.
• Cross marks the site of the execution of James Connolly.
• Plaque marking the execution of the leaders of the 1916 Rising.
• Entrance to Kilmainham Gaol, five snakes in Chains above the entrance.

See also

• Prisons in Ireland

References

1. ^ Jump up to: ^abcd “Kilmainham Jail, Dublin”. Tourist-information-dublin.co.uk. Pulled 06/28/2013.
2. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 186. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
3. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4). 186-87 doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
4. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 188. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
5. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 189. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
6. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 190. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
7. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4). 190-91 doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
8. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (2007). “National identity and tourism in the twentieth century Ireland: the role of collective re-imagining”. In Michael Young, Eric Zuelow and Andreas Sturm (eds). Nationalism in a Global Era: Persistence of Nations .London: Routledge. pp. 150-51. ISBN 0-415-41405-9.
9. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4). 191-93 doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
10. Jump up ^ Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 194. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
11. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Zuelow, Eric (Fall-Winter 2004). “To establish the Irish nationalist history within the walls: the restoration of Kilmainham Jail”.Éire-Ireland. 39 (3 & 4): 196. doi: 10.1353 / eir.2004.0024.
12. Jump up ^ Kilmainham Jail Restoration Society (c. 1960). Kilmainham.Dublin. p. 3.
13. Jump up ^ “More volunteers needed to work in prison.” Irish Independent. May 31, 1960.
14. Jump up ^ “Kilmainham Jail chapel opened again.” Irish Independent.October 25, 1971.
15. Jump up ^ Cooke, Pat (2006). “Kilmainham Gaol: confronting change”.(2002- Irish Arts Review. 23 : 42.

Jameson is a blended Irish whiskey produced by Irish Distillers subsidiary of Pernod Ricard.

John Jameson and Son Irish Whiskey company was formally established in 1810 when John Jameson and his son (also John Jameson) took ownership of the Bow Street Distillery in Dublin which had originally been built by his wife’s cousins Stein 1780. Jameson was a Scottish lawyer from Alloa in Clackmannanshire who had married Margaret Haig, a sister of Haig brothers who owned Haigdestillerier. Margaret Haig was a first cousin of Stein, a Scottish distilling family, even from Clack, with significant interests distilleries in Scotland and Dublin. On his marriage to Margaret Haig John Jameson in 1786 moved with his new wife to Dublin for managing Stein Bow Street Distillery (identified in 1780) Margaret Stein uncle. This explains the use of the year 1780 in Jameson marketing as the Bow Street Distillery was there Jameson Irish Whiskey was born. ^[1] Portrait of John and Margaret Jameson by Sir Henry Raeburn is in the collection of the National Gallery of Ireland.

Originally one of the six main Dublin whiskey, Jameson is now distilled in Cork. In 2013, sales topped 4.7 million cases (56.4 million bottles). Jameson is by far the best selling Irish whiskey in the world, because it has been sold internationally since the early 19th century. The US is the largest market for the Jameson Whiskey, with consumption in 2013 increased by 12%. ^[2]

Company history

When John Jameson, a Scottish businessman, ^[3] became director of the Stein family Bow Street Distillery in 1786, it was producing about 30,000 liters per year. At the turn of the 19th century, it was the second largest producer in Ireland and one of the largest in the world, producing one million liters per year. Dublin at the time was the center of world whiskey production. It was the second most popular spirit in the world after Rome and internationally Jameson had in 1805 become the world’s best whiskey. Today Jameson world’s third largest single distillery whiskey.

Historical events, for a time, now back. The temperance movement in Ireland had a huge impact on the domestic market, but the two important events which influenced Jameson was the Irish War of Independence and subsequent trade war with the British who denied Jameson export markets of the Commonwealth, and shortly thereafter, the introduction of prohibition in the United States. While Scottish brands can easily slide over the Canada-US border, where Jameson excluded from its biggest market for many years.^[4]

The introduction of the column still Scottish mixer in the middle of the 19th century enabled increased production to the Irish, still do labor-intensive single pot still whiskey, could not compete with. There was a legal study somewhere in 1908 to deal with the definition of whiskey trade. The Scottish producers won in certain jurisdictions and mixtures was recognized in the law of the jurisdiction in which the whiskey. The Irish in general, and in particular Jameson continued with the traditional pot still production for many years.

1966 John Jameson together with Cork Distillers and John Powers to form the Irish Distillers Group. In 1976, the Dublin Jameson whiskey distillery in Bow Street and Johns Lane closed after the opening of a new Midleton Distillery from Irish Distillers outside Cork. The Midleton Distillery is now producing a large part of the Irish whiskey sold in Ireland over Jameson, Midleton, Powers, Redbreast, Spot and Paddy labels. The new facility adjacent to the Old Midleton Distillery, the original home of Paddy label, which is now home to the Jameson Experience Centre and Irish Whiskey Academy. Jameson brand was acquired by French drinks conglomerate Pernod Ricard in 1988, when it bought Irish Distillers. The Old Jameson Distillery in Bow Street near Smithfield in Dublin now serves as a museum that offers tours and tastings.^{[5] [6]}

In 2008, The Local, an Irish pub in Minneapolis, sold 671 cases of Jameson (22 bottles per day), ^[7] which makes it the largest server Jameson in the world -. A title that is maintained for four consecutive years ^[8]

varieties

Like the original Jameson Jameson reserves include:

• Jameson 12 Year Old Special Reserve (Formerly known as Jameson 1780)
• 12 year old Jameson Distillery Reserve is on their two visitor centers in Ireland and is also available from their online store. ^[9]
• Jameson Gold Reserve (the only expression of Jameson using virgin American oak).
• Jameson 18 year old Limited Reserve
• Jameson Rare Vintage Reserve (Jameson’s oldest and rarest whiskeys components).
• Jameson Signature Reserve (exclusive to travel retail and duty-free shops around the world).
• Jameson Select Reserve Black Barrel (available in limited quantities in the US, known as “Small Batch” outside the US). ^[10]
• Jameson Caskmates (finished in stout -seasoned barrels) ^[11]

The production

Jameson is produced from a mixture of grain whiskey, single malt whiskeys and single pot still whiskey, which uses a mixture of malted and unmalted or “green” Irish barley, all from within a fifty-mile radius around the distillery in Cork. The barley is dried in a closed kiln is fired with natural gas (former anthracite coal). This is in contrast to the traditional method used in some Scottish whiskey distilleries, which fires the furnace with peat which adds a distinctive flavor peat. ^[12]

Awards

Jameson products – in particular its 18 years and its rarest Reserve – valued very highly at international spirit ratings competitions. The 18-year received a series of gold and double gold medals at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition between 2005 and 2010. ^[13] The rarest Reserve has won gold and double gold there. Rare Reserve is rated as one of the 20 whiskeys in the world by Proof66. ^[14]

Staff

John Jameson is also the great grandfather of the inventor Guglielmo Marconi. ^[15]

See also

• Irish whiskey brands
• scotch
• Liquor portal

References

1. Jump up ^ McNamara, Stuart. “Haig whiskey and Jameson – History of the whiskey Cousins”. HaigWhisky.com. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
2. Jump up ^ “Jameson Experience, Midleton.” Retrieved 5 September 2014.
3. Jump up ^http://web.archive.org/web/20090320165717/http://www.jamesonwhiskey.com:80/Home.aspx.Archived from the original March 20, 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2009.Missing or empty (help) | title =
4. Jump up ^ Dias Blue, Anthony (2010). The Complete Book of Spirits: A Guide to their history, production and enjoyment. HarperCollins. p. 165. ISBN 9,780,062,012,814th
5. Jump up ^ “Welcome to the Home of Jameson Whiskey”. Pulled 05/12/2014.
6. Jump up ^ “Ireland Whiskey Trail”. Ireland Whiskey Trail. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
7. Jump up ^ Kimball, Joe. “” Minneapolis bar wins Irish whiskey sales award “, March 9, 2009”. Minnpost.com. Pulled 10/29/2013.
8. Jump up ^ Leon, Michelle (2010-05-14). “” Jameson on Local: drink a week and “14 May 2010 entitled ‘. Blogs.citypages.com. Pulled 10/29/2013.
9. Jump up ^ “Jameson vistior Centre”. Retrieved June 6, 2012. ^{[ Dead link ]}
10. Jump up ^ “Jameson Black Barrel Select Reserve ‘. IrishWhiskey.com.Retrieved July 12, 2015.
11. Jump up ^ “Jameson Caskmates”. Jameson Irish Whiskey. Retrieved 4 August, 2016.
12. Jump up ^ Stuart McNamara. “A beginners guide to how Irish whiskey is made.”. IrishWhiskey.com. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
13. Jump up ^ “Summary Page for Jameson 18 Year”. Proof66.com. Pulled 10/29/2013.
14. Jump up ^ “Top 20 Whisky on”. Proof66.com. Pulled 10/29/2013.
15. Jump up ^ Marconi: the Irish Association, Michael Sexton, Four Courts Press, 2005

The Irish National War Memorial Gardens (Irish: Gairdíní Cuimhneacháin Cogaidh Náisiúnta na hÉireann ) is an Irish war memorial in Iceland, Dublin, dedicated “to the memory of 49.400 Irish soldiers who gave their lives in World War II, 1914-1918”, ^[1] of the 300,000 irish who have served in all armies.

Memorial Gardens also celebrate all the other Irish men and women who at that time served, fought and died in the Irish regiments of the Allied armies, the British, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, South African and American armies in support of the Triple Entente’s war effort against the Central Powers.

History

Main article: Republic of Ireland and First World War

Cosgrave who was very interested in the Memorial to fruition met Sir Andrew Jameson, a senator and member of the Committee on 9 December 1930 and suggested the current location. At the time, known as the “Long Meadows Estates” There are about 60 acres (24 ha) in extent stretching parallel along the southern shore effluents Liffey from Iceland to Chapelizod. ^[1] His proposal was adopted by the Committee on 16 December 1931. Cosgrave said then that “. … This is a big issue for Remembrance and Honour to the dead, and there must always be a matter of interest to the head of government to ensure that a project so dear to a large section of the population should be a success “ . ^{[ Citation needed ]} after a meeting with over 100 representatives from all parts of Ireland July 17, 1919 was a fund created to consider the plans and designs for a permanent memorial “to commemorate all those Irish men and women killed in the first World war”. ^[1] a general committee was formed in November 1924 to pursue proposals for a spot in Dublin. For technical and administrative reasons, it was not until the meeting March 28, 1927 Shelbourne Hotel which Merrion Square, or St. Stephen’s Green, was suggested. A debate in Free State Senate failed to resolve the deadlock. WT Cosgrave, President of the Irish Free State Executive Council appointed since Cecil Lavery set up a “War Memorial Committee” to bring the memory process. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

Major General William Hickie says “Memorial is an All-Ireland” . A generous gift was sanctioned by the Irish government in one eleven point agreement with the Committee on December 12, 1933 in Dublin City Council Office of Public Works (OPW) has already started work on 164 men in 1932. ^{[ citation needed]}

In the adverse political conditions in the 1930s, Éamon de Valera acknowledged government still motives Memorial and made valuable contributions to the state. The cabinet approved the text in English and Irish.^{[ Citation needed ]} Many difficulties arose in 1937 for WM Committee in terms of plants, trees and the need to obtain a completion certificate from the Office of Public Works, which finally issued in January 1938. ^{[ Citation needed ]} before any official opening can be communicated to the threat of war in Europe complicated matters further. A meeting with the Prime Minister on May 10, 1939 discussed postpone the proposed opening on the last Sunday in July.World War II when intervened to delay this further. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

Design

Designed by the great memorialist Sir Edwin Lutyens already landscaped designed several locations in Ireland and around Europe, is unique among the many war memorials he created the world. ^[1] He found it a delightful place.The Sunken Garden of Remembrance surrounds a Stone of Remembrance, Irish granite symbolizing an altar, which weighs seven and a half tons. The dimensions of this are identical to the First World War memorials in the whole world, and is in line with the Great Cross of Sacrifice and Central Avenue. ^[1] Opposite the Phoenix Park obelisk, located about three kilometers from the center of Dublin, on the grounds that gradually slope upwards against Kilmainham Hill. Old chronicles describe Kilmainham Hill as the camp of Brian Boru and his army before the last decisive battle of Clontarf 23 April 1014. The Memorial was among the last to be erected to the memory of those who sacrificed their lives in the First World War (Canada’s National War Memorial was opened 1939), and is “a symbol of Remembrance in memory of a nation of victims”. ^[2] the elaborate layout includes a central Sunken Rose Garden consists of a committee of prominent growers, various terraces, pergolas, lawns and roads lined with impressive park lock of hair, and two pairs Book Rooms in granite, representing the four provinces of Ireland, and contains illuminated volumes recording the names of all the dead. ^[1]

In the northern part of the garden overlooking the River Liffey stands a domed temple. This also marks the beginning of the avenue that leads gently uphill to step includes the Stone of Remembrance. On the floor of the temple is an excerpt from “War Sonnett II: Safety” by Rupert Brooke:

“We have found safety with all things immortal,
Winds, and morning, tears of men and merriment,
the deep night, and birdsong, and the clouds fly,
and sleep, and freedom, and autumn earth.”

Construction

There was no disagreement in its building – the workers were so drawn from the unemployed to 50 percent before World War ex-British Army and 50 percent ex-Irish Army men. To provide as much work as possible to use mechanical equipment was limited, and even granite blocks of 7 and 8 tons from Ballyknocken and Barnaculla was assaulted in place with primitive tackles by poles and ropes. Upon completion and opening in 1939 (which was postponed) managers responsible said: “It is with a spirit of confidence that we commit this noble memorial of Irish valor to the care of the government of Ireland” . ^[3]

Commitment, neglect and renewal

Although the commemoration of fallen by the Irish British military veterans and families took place at the site for a few years in the late 1940s and 1950s, with some impressive attendance, ^[4] the cultural situation in the state, and its nationally dominant ideological negative view of Ireland’s role in the second World war one, and those who had volunteered to fight in World war 2, prevent the garden from the civic opened and dedicated.

The garden was the subject of two Irish Republican paramilitary attacks. On Christmas night in 1956 a bomb was placed at the base of the War Stone and memorial crosses and detonated, but the Wicklow broken granite withstood the blast with minor injuries. Another attempt was made to bring down with a bomb detonation in October 1958, which once again failed, resulting in superficial injuries. ^[5]

A subsequent lack of funding from the government to provide its up-keep and care fit to fall into disrepair and vandalism during the following decades, to the point that the late 1970s it had become a place for caravans and animals of Irish Member ~ ~ POS = TRUNC community, with Dublin Corporation’s sophanterings offices use it as a dumping ground for the city’s waste. ^[6] Furthermore, fifty years of storms and the elements had left its mark, with structural damage unrepaired parts of the garden decoration.

In the mid-1980s, the economic and cultural changes happen in Ireland, which facilitated the renewal of urban decay in Dublin, and the beginning of a change in public perception of her former Irish revolution, national history and identity, which led to a project of restoration work to renew the park and the garden to its former glory of the office of public works, co-financed by the National War Memorial Committee. 10 September 1988 fully restored Gardens was re-opened to the public, and formally dedicated by representatives of the four largest churches in Ireland, half a century after its creation.

Official ceremonial events at the garden

• A state memorial to mark the 90th anniversary of the Battle of the Somme July 1, 2006 participated in the Irish President Mary McAleese, the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, members of the Oireachtas, senior representatives of all political parties in Ireland, the diplomatic corps of the allies in the First World War, delegates from Ulster, representatives of the four largest churches, and is accompanied by a guard of honor in the Irish army and the army Band.
• On May 18, 2011, Queen Elizabeth II and President of Ireland, Mrs. Mary McAleese, who wreaths in honor of the Irish dead of the First World War one and World War 2 at a ceremony in the garden during the first state visit by a British monarch to the Irish Republic. ^[7]
• On 9 July 2016 a state ceremony to mark the centenary of the Battle of the Somme took place in the gardens, with Mr. Prime Minister Enda Kenny in the presence and the President of Ireland, Mr. Michael D. Higgins, a garland honor of the soldiers in Ireland who lost their lives during its course. ^[8]

Roll of Honour

The granite paved pergolas surround the garden lights volumes recording the names of all the dead, and was once the public, even if the threat of vandalism now have had these Book Rooms closed except for visits by appointment, which can be viewed digitally in a branch office.

A wooden cross, the Ginchy Cross, built by the 16th (Irish) Division and originally erected on the Somme to commemorate the 4,354 men of the 16th who died in two connectors, located in the same byggnad.Tre granite copies of this cross is erected in places that are released by the Irish divisions – Guillemont and Messines-Wytschaete in Belgium and Thessaloniki in Greece.

Protection

The Irish National War Memorial Gardens is now managed by the Government Office of Public Works in conjunction with the National War Memorial Committee

Additional Great War Irish memorial, in the form of an All-Ireland trip settlement was jointly opened in 1998 by Mary McAleese, President of Ireland, Queen Elizabeth II and Albert II, King of the Belgians on the island of Ireland Peace Park, Messines, Flanders, Belgium.

• Garden of Remembrance
• Grange Gorman Military Cemetery
• Other major war memorials in Ireland:
  • Island of Ireland Peace Park Messines, Belgium.
  • Menin Gate memorial Ypres, Belgium.
  • Ulster Tower Memorial Thiepval, France.

Notes

1. ^ Jump up to: ^abcdef Duchas The Heritage Service Guide visits to the garden, from the Office of Public Works
2. Jump up ^ British Legion plant, Irish Free State Souvenir Edition 1925-1935, National Library of Ireland, LO.
3. Jump up ^ Henry Edward D. Harris (Major) The Irish regiments in World War I , page 210. Mercier Press Cork (1968), the National Library of Ireland Dublin
4. Jump up ^ ‘Come to me, Dublin Life & Culture “September 9, 2013 online magazine article. https://comeheretome.com/2013/09/09/failed-attempts-on-the-war-memorial-gardens-islandbridge/
5. Jump up ^ ‘Come to me, Dublin Life & Culture “September 9, 2013 online magazine article” failed attempts at War Garden Island Bridge’.https://comeheretome.com/2013/09/09/failed-attempts-on-the-war-memorial-gardens-islandbridge/
6. Jump up ^ ‘Ireland’s Great War, “with Kevin Myers (Pub. Lilliput Press, 2014).
7. Jump up ^ ‘Sombre memory of the war dead in the hush of the Island, “” Irish Times “19 May 2011. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2011/0519/1224297286972.html
8. Jump up ^ “heroic death in Ireland recalled the Somme memorial”, “The Irish Times, July 9, 1916 http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/heroic-dead-of-ireland-recalled-at-somme-commemoration-1.2716862

The Royal Canal (Irish: An Chanáil Ríoga ) is a channel that was originally built for freight and passenger transport from the River Liffey in Dublin to Longford in Ireland. The canal fell into disrepair in the late 20th century, but a large part of the canal has been restored for navigation. The length of the canal to the River Shannon opening on October 1 2010, but the final spur branch of the canal to Longford Town is still closed.

History

In 1755, Thomas Williams and John Cooley did a study to find a suitable way for an artificial waterway across northern Leinster from Dublin to Shannon.They originally planned to use a series of rivers and lakes, including the Boyne, Blackwater, Deel, yellow, Camlin and Inny and Lough Derravaragh. A disgruntled manage Grand Canal Company sought support to build a canal from Dublin to Tarmonbarry, at Shannon in North County Longford.

Work began in 1790 and lasted for 27 years before finally reaching the Shannon in 1817, at a total cost of £ 1,421,954. ^[1] The building was unexpected and expensive project grated with problems; 1794 Royal Canal Company went bankrupt. The Duke of Leinster, director, insisted that the new waterway will take in his local town of Maynooth. The builders have to deviate from the planned route and demanded the construction of a “deep decline” between Blanchard and Clonsilla. Diversion also demanded the construction of the aqueduct Ryewater, Leixlip. ^[2]

The original 1796 fare from Dublin to Kilcock was 1/1, much cheaper than stagecoach.

The canal passes through Maynooth, Kilcock, Enfield, Mullingar and Ballymahon is a spur to Longford. The total length of the main navigation is 145 kilometers (90 mi), and the system has 46 locks. There is a huvudmatnings (Lough Owel), entering the channel at Mullingar.

In 200 years, maintained by eight consecutive bodies: Royal Canal Company, the Commissioners of Inland Navigation, New Djurgarden Company, Midland Great Western Railway Company, Great Southern Railways, CIE, and (from 1986), the Office of Public Works.

During the famine, “the missing 1,490” starving tenants of Denis Mahon in Strokes House, Roscommon, set out on foot from the farm in May 1847. Major Mahon had offered them the choice of emigration by “assisted passage” starvation on their blighted potato farms or location in frightening local fattighus. These families weakened by starvation went several days along the tow paths of Djurgården to Dublin, where they were put on boats to Liverpool, and from there to Quebec aboard four “coffin ships” – cargo ships, ironically loaded with grain from Ireland, and unsuitable for passengers. It is estimated that half died before Grosse Île in Canada. It was the largest single sale of uncomfortable tenants during the famine. Major Mahon was shot to death that November, after the news had come back to Roscommon on the fate of his former tenants. An annual walk on the canal banks memory of the events.

1830s through the channel of 80,000 tons of cargo and 40,000 passengers per year. In 1845 the channel was bought by the Midland Great Western Railway Company. They considered the drainage channel and build a new railway along its bed but decided instead to build the railway next to the canal. The two run side by side from Dublin to Mullingar. Competition from the railways are gradually eroding the canal operations and 1880s annual tonnage was down to about 30,000 and passenger traffic had almost disappeared.

It had a brief resurgence during World War II, when the horses and the barges back into the channel. CIE took over the canal in 1944. As rail and road increased channel fell out of use. 1974 volunteers from the Inland Waterways Association of Ireland formed Djurgarden convenience Group to save the channel. In 1990, the 74 kilometers of the canal, from the 12th lock in Blanchard Mullingar, open for navigation. In 2000, the channel was taken over by Waterways Ireland, a cross-border body responsible for managing Ireland’s inland navigations. October 1, 2010 the entire length of the canal formally resumed.

In 1843, while walking with his wife along Djurgarden, Sir William Rowan Hamilton realized the formula for quaternions and carved their first thoughts in a stone at Brougham Bridge over the canal.

Communications

Djurgården was originally scheduled to end in Dublin on Broad, to serve as fashionable residential area, as well as the King’s Inns and adjacent markets, but it was extended so that now, in the Dublin final, the channel reaches the Liffey through a wide sequence of bridge and lock on Spencer Dock , with a final sea lock to manage access to the river and the sea.

Dublin – Mullingar railroad built along the channel for a large part of its length. The winding road over the canal resulted in many speed limitation curves on the railway. The channel was bought by the Midland Great Western Railway to provide a path to the west of Ireland, the initial plan is to close the channel and build the railway along its bed.

The canal travels over one of the major junctions on the M50 / N3 in a specially built aqueduct.

Present

Today Waterways Ireland is responsible for the channel, and it was under their stewardship, in cooperation with Djurgarden convenience Group, to Djurgarden officially opened from Dublin to Shannon on 2 October 2010. ^[3]Access points are currently close to Leixlip and Maynooth, Enfield, Thomas, Mullingar, Ballinea Bridge and Ballynacargy.

In 2006, a memorial marker was erected at Pipers Boreen, Mullingar, to mark 200 years since the canal reached Mullingar year 1806th

Djurgarden Way

Djurgarden Way is a 144 km (89 mil) long-distance trail that follows the towpath of the canal from Ashtown, Dublin to Cloondara, County Longford.^[4] It is usually done in three days. ^[4] It is designated as a National marked the ranks of the National Trails Office of the Irish Sports Council and managed by waterways Ireland. ^[4] in 2015 began to Dublin City Council to extend the pedestrian and bike path along the Djurgården Ashtown to Sheriff Street Upper. Djurgarden Way connects to the Westmeath Way west of Mullingar, and will eventually form the east end of Dublin Galway Greenway, the last part of EuroVelo Route 2, a cycle route from Moscow throughout Europe to Galway. ^{[5] [6] [7] [8]}

Auld Triangle

Djurgarden immortalized in verse by Brendan Behan in The Auld Triangle . A monument with Behan sitting on a bench was erected on the canal bank in Binn Bridge in Drumcondra in 2004.

And auld triangle went jingle jangle,

Along the shore of Djurgården.

The other major channel in Ireland, Grand Canal from Dublin’s southside through the Midlands to the River Shannon.

The web Broad

The aqueduct and canal that once connected the site to Djurgården is gone almost without trace, and what was a lovely Neo-Egyptian railway station is now a bus depot and garage.Kanalen filled in around 1927 converted to Blessington Park, Phibsborough and library built on top there.This the 19th century Broad was one of the most famous areas of Dublin, but very few people know even if it is today. From 1817 this area was home to one of the major transport hubs in 19th century Dublin, containing a large railway station and the canal harbor, linking to the Grand Canal, crossing the North Circular Road and go past Mountjoy prison. Along the way there were three dry docks. This area rose and fell in importance among Dubliners as new forms of transportation came and went.

Superstition

Djurgarden boatmen thought 13 locks on Deey bridge between Leixlip and Maynooth, was haunted. This story became the subject of a poem by Arthur Griffith, The Spooks in the Thirteenth Lock , which in turn inspired the name of the band The Spook of the Thirteenth Lock . ^[9]

See also

• List of bridges over Djurgarden in Greater Dublin
• The channels in Ireland
• Rivers of Ireland
• Transport in Ireland

References

1. Jump up ^ “History”. Djurgarden Action Group. Archived from the original on October 3, 2012. Retrieved fourteen September 2015.
2. Jump up ^http://www.irishidentity.com/extras/places/stories/canal.htm
3. Jump up ^ Ellis, Fiona (2 October 2010). “Crowds gather to push the boat out for the reopening of the restored Djurgården”. Irish Independent.Pulled in two October of 2010.
4. ^ Jump up to: ^abc “Royal Canal Way”. IrishTrails. Irish Sports Council.Retrieved 8 August 2011.
5. Jump up ^ “Westmeath Way: Map 3 Added the Mullingar Town” (pdf).IrishTrails. Irish Sports Council. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
6. Jump up ^ “€ 10m more for bike paths.” HospitailityIreland.com. May 15, 2014. Retrieved six August 2014.
7. Jump up ^ Melia, Paul (27 June 2014). “Wheels in motion for 280 km of coast to coast cycle route”. Irish Independent. Dublin.
8. Jump up ^ Kelly, Olivia (12 March 2015). “Plan unveiled for € 10m-plus Royal Canal bike path.” Irish Times. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
9. Jump up ^https://www.facebook.com/thespookofthethirteenthlock/posts/10150995789898173

The Supreme Court of Ireland (Irish: Cúirt Uachtarach na hÉireann ) is the highest judicial authority in Ireland. It is a court of last instance and exercises, along medhovrätten and the Supreme Court, judicial review of acts of the Oireachtas (Irish Parliament). The Supreme Court also has jurisdiction to ensure that the Constitution of Ireland, government agencies and individuals. It sits in the Four Courts in Dublin.

Establishment

The Supreme Court was formally established September 29, 1961 under the terms of the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. ^{[1] [2]} Prior to 1961 allowed a transitional provision of the 1937 Constitution, the Supreme Court of Irish Free State to continue, even if the judges had to take the new oath of office prescribed in 1937 Constitution. ^[3] the latter court set up by the courts of Justice Act 1924 in accordance with the terms of the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State. ^[4] Prior to 1924, allowed a transitional provision of the 1922 Constitution, the Supreme court of Judicature to continue, ^[5] the latter was founded 1877 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. ^[6] the 1924 act was a comprehensive review of the Court’s basically preserving some of the 1877 event, the 1961 Act was a short formal translation in terms of the 1937 Constitution.

Composition

The Supreme Court consists of its president called the chief justice, and no more than nine members. ^[7] There are two ex officio members: the President of the Court of Appeal normally sits in the Court of Appeal, and the President of the High Court normally sits in the High Court. The Supreme Court sits in divisions of three, five or seven judges. Two or more departments can sit at the same time. In assessing whether the President is permanently unable under Article 12 of the Constitution, to rule on the constitutionality of a bill based on the President in accordance with Article 26, or to rule on the constitutionality of any law court must consist of at least five members . ^[8]

Supreme Court judges are appointed by the President of Ireland in accordance with the binding advice of the Government (Cabinet), which since 1995, acting in turn on the non-binding advice of a legal advisory board. ^[9]

current members

Ex-officio members

tenure

According to the Courts Act and judicial officials was in 1995 retirement ordinary judge of the Supreme Court reduced from 72 years to 70 years.Judges appointed before the entry into operation of this Act may continue working until age 72. The courts (No 2) Act 1997 limited the term of a person appointed to the post of chief justice following the entry into operation the law to a period of seven years. A former chief justice can continue as a member of the audit until he or she reaches the statutory retirement age.

Competence

The Supreme Court hears appeals from the Court of Appeal, and as part of the transitional arrangements after the conclusion of the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Audit Criminal Appeal and the Court-Martial Appeal Court, where the case has not been transferred from the Supreme Court of Appeal. The Court’s power to rule on the application may be severely restricted (as it is from the Court of Criminal Appeal and the Court-Martial Appeal Court) or excluded altogether, except for appeals if the consequence of a law with the Constitution. The Supreme Court is also legal questions referred to it by the Circuit Court.

The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two cases. This is when a bill is called to it by the President of an opinion on the constitutional law prior to the issue in accordance with Article 26 of the Constitution or where the Court must determine, in accordance with Article 12 of the Constitution, if the president has become incapacitated.

The Supreme Court has little discretion to decide which cases it hears the claim seeking dismissal of either the court or the Supreme Court itself before an appeal can be rare. ^[12]

Judicial review

Main article: Judicial review in Ireland

The Supreme Court exercises, along with the High Court the power to strike down laws that are inconsistent with the Constitution. The courts also injunctions against public bodies, private organizations and citizens to ensure that the Constitution. The Irish constitution explicitly provides for judicial review of legislation. Acts passed after the entry into force of the Constitution, is invalid if “repugnant” to the Constitution, ^[13] while the laws in force before the entry into force of the Constitution is invalid if “inconsistent” with the Constitution. ^{[14] The} Constitution also provides, in accordance with Article 26, for judicial review of bills before they are (or would have been) signed into law. The power to refer bills personally exercised by the President after consulting the Government. When the Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of a bill referred to in Article 26, its constitutional law can not be challenged in court at any time. ^[15]

Supreme Court judges are normally free to deliver their own assessments, divergent and convergent. There is an exception when considering the constitutionality of a bill referred by the President under Article 26 of the Constitution, where only a single judgment may be delivered. ^[16] Previously, the only judgment rule even when considering the constitutionality of a law by the Oireachtas passed under 1937 Constitution, this was removed by the 33rd Amendment to 2013. Acts passed prior to 1937 has always permitted several judgments. ^{[n 1]}

jurisprudence

After a slow start during the first two decades of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has rendered a significant constitutional jurisprudence. This slow start was in part because, before 1922, all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom, and the Supreme Court judges had been trained in British jurisprudence, which stresses the sovereignty of Parliament and respect the legislature. It was also true that the 1922 Constitution was a right of appeal to the Privy Council to bear on a number of occasions. Nevertheless, from the 1960s onwards, the Court has made a number of important decisions. It has, for example:

• Developed a doctrine of unenumerated rights based on an expansive interpretation of Article 40.3.1 °, with elements of natural law and liberal democratic theory.
• Developed and defended the separation of powers.
• Ruled that major changes to the Treaties establishing the European Union can not be ratified by the state is not allowed under a previously passed constitutional amendment.
• Ruled that Articles 2 and 3 (as they stood before 1999) does not impose obligations on the state that was enforceable in a court of law.
• Discovered a broad right to privacy in marital affairs implicit in Article 41.
• Discovered a right to abortion where there is a risk to the mother’s life by suicide in Article 40.3.3 °.
• Imported doctrine of proportionality in Irish law.

important decisions

• 1950 – . Buckley v Attorney General (right to property)
• 1965 – Ryan v Attorney General. (The Doctrine of unenumerated rights)
• 1966 – . State (Nicolaou) v A table Uchtála (constitutional only family based on marriage)
• 1971 – . Byrne v Ireland (unconstitutionality State immunity in tort)
• 1974 – McGee v Attorney General. (Marital integrity and contraception)
• 1976 – The Búrca v Minister of Justice. (Equality)
• 1979 – . East Donegal Co-operative v Attorney General (natural justice)
• 1983 – . Norris v Attorney General (the criminalization of homosexuality be accepted) ^[18]
• 1987 – Crotty v An Taoiseach. (Ratification of the EU Treaty)
• 1988 – . Attorney General (Society for the Protection of the unborn child) v Open Door Counselling (information about abortion)
• 1988 – . Webb v Ireland (non-survival of chronic powers)
• 1989 – . Kennedy v Ireland (right to privacy)
• 1992 – . Attorney General v X , more commonly the “X case” (abortion and risk of suicide)
• 1993 – Attorney General v Hamilton. (Separation of powers)
• 1993 – Meagher v Minister for Agriculture. (European Communities Act)
• 1994 – Heaney v Ireland. (The doctrine of proportionality)
• 1995 – Re regulation of Information (Services outside the State for Termination of Pregnancies) Bill (supremacy written constitution)
• 1995 – Re a court Ward (right to die)
• 1995 – McKenna v. An Taoiseach (the referendum campaign finance)
• 2001 – Sinnott v. Minister of Education (restrictions on the right to education)
• 2003 – . Lobe and Osayande against Attorney General (deportation of the parents nationality)
• 2006 – Curtin v. Dáil Éireann (the removal of judges)
• 2006 – A. v. Governor of Arbour Hill Prison (unconstitutionality of a law does not retrospectively invalidate any action taken under it)
• 2009 – McD against L. (established parental rights of sperm donors)

Sharing sovereignty

Today the Supreme Court shares his authority with two supra-national courts: the Court of Justice (ECJ) and the European Court (ECHR). In matters concerning the correct interpretation of EU law, decisions of the European Court of Justice has precedence over the provisions of the Irish Supreme Court.

The relationship between the Irish courts and the European Court is more complicated. The European Convention on Human Rights, a treaty is binding on the state of international law. But as a matter of Irish national law, the Convention is inscribed only in law, and not the status of the constitution.Under the terms of the European Convention on Human Rights Act, adopted by the Oireachtas in 2003, ordinary law must where possible, be interpreted in accordance with the Convention. But the Irish courts the Convention must give way both clear legislative intent and any countervailing demands on the Constitution. Moreover, its provisions are not invoked as separate causes of action.

Supreme Court decision can not be appealed, as such, either the courts. The court hears cases referred to it by the Irish courts by a preliminary ruling and while unsuccessful litigants before the Supreme Court can apply to the European Court, not later Court decision does not mean that emptying the Supreme Court decision. As a matter of Irish national law decisions of the European Court does not automatically override the Oireachtas documents and may require legislative or perhaps even a constitutional referendum to be implemented in its entirety.

See also

• List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Ireland
• Supreme Court
• Dail Courts
• The Supreme Court of the Irish Free State
• Judicial
• History of Ireland
• Abortion in Ireland
• Philip Sheedy Affair

Notes

1. Jump up ^ For example dissent was in Norris v. Attorney General , on the constitutionality of ss. 61 and 62 of the offenses against the person Act, 1861, while only a single judgment was given in the Buckley v. Attorney General , on the constitutionality iSinn Féin Funds Act in 1947.^[17]

References

Sources

• Kelly, John M.; Hogan, Gerard; Whyte, Gerard (2002). The Irish Constitution (4th edition ed.). ISBN 1-85475-895-0.
• “Constitution of Ireland”. October 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2016.

The four courts (Irish: Na Ceithre Cúirteanna ^[1] ) is Ireland’s main courts building located on the Inn’s Quay in Dublin. Four Courts is the site of the Supreme Court, denHigh Court and the Dublin Circuit Court. Until 2010 the building also housed the Central Criminal Court.

Building Gandon

The work is based on the design of Thomas Cooley for the Public Records Office of Ireland, began in 1776. After his death in 1784 renowned architect James Gandon was appointed to finish the building, which we recognize today as the Four Courts. It was built between 1786 and 1796, while the final touches to the arcade and wings was completed in 1802. ^[2] The countries have previously been used by the King’s Inns. The building originally housed the four courts of Chancery, King’s Bench, Exchequer and Common Pleas, hence the name of the building. A major revision of the judiciary in the late nineteenth century saw these courts merged into a new High Court of Ireland, but the building has retained its historical name. The judiciary remained until 1924, when the new Irish Free State introduced a new court structure, replacing the High Court of Ireland, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and Lord Chancellor of Ireland with a Supreme Court led by Chief Justice and the High Court of Justice, headed by President of the High Court.1961 words “justice” was dropped from the names of two courts in late reestablished a result of the adoption of the 1937 Constitution.

Four Courts in the 1916 Easter Rising

Four Courts and surrounding areas held by the Commandant Ned Daly 1st Battalion during the Easter Rising in 1916. Some of the most intense fighting of Easter Week took place in the Church Street / North King Street / North Brunswick Street area. At the end of the week Four Courts building became the headquarters of the 1st Battalion.

The destruction in the Civil War

On 14 April 1922 the courts complex was occupied by forces opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which is led by Rory O’Connor. On June 27, the new national army attacked the building to remove the rebels, on the orders of Defense Secretary Richard Mulcahy approved President Dáil Éireann Arthur Griffith. ^[3] This led to a week of fighting in Dublin. In the process of shelling the historic building was destroyed. The west wing of the building obliterated in a huge explosion, destroying the Irish Public Record Office at the rear of the building. Almost a thousand years of archives were destroyed by this.

O’Connor forces accused of mining records office, but those present, who included future Prime Minister Seán Lemass, said that although they had used the archive as a store of ammunition, they had not deliberately broken it. They suggest that the explosion was caused by an accidental detonation of munitions store during the fighting. ^[3]

Resume 1932

For a decade, the old judiciary (until 1924), then the new Free State court system, was based on the old Viceregal Apartments in Dublin Castle. In 1932, a rebuilt and remodeled Four Courts was opened. But much of the decorative interior of the original building had disappeared, and in the absence of documentary archives (some of whom had been in the Public Records Office and others who were among the large amount of legal records also lost), and also because the new State has not the funds were highly decorative interior is not replaced. Two side wings were built farther away from the river to undo the problems caused by too narrow paths outside the building. But this change, and the removal of chimney stacks, has removed some of the architectural unity and effect planned by Gandon in 1796.

In the early 1990s, when Chief Justice suggested building a new purpose-built building for the Supreme Court, while other courts on site . Currently, however, remains the highest court in the Four Courts.

Criminal Courts move

Prior to 2010, both civilian and serious attempts were heard in the Four Courts as also was the site of the Court of Criminal Appeal. With the opening of a new criminal courts complex in January 2010 – the Criminal Courts of Justice next to the Phoenix Park – all criminal cases were transferred there. ^{[4] [5]} The four courts remain in use for civil matters. ^[4] The Court of Criminal Appeal moved also to the new building, but it also sometimes sits in the Four Courts.

See also

• The courts in Ireland
• The law of Ireland

References

1. Jump up ^ Michal Boleslav Mechura (10 December 2006). “Uimhreacha Na Gaeilge” (PDF) (in Irish). p. 12. Retrieved 19 May 2011. Original historical use of the plural form: the use of the singular form is a relatively new habit. Even in the early twentieth speakers century had the choice to use the plural form, too, and many relics of use seen in the current situation, in particular in its own name: na Ceithre Cuirteanna, for example, said, although na Ceithre Chuirt would be more accurate according to the current language rules .
2. Jump up ^ Maurice Craig: Dublin 1660-1860, page 243
3. ^ Jump up to: ^ab “Republic – the fight for Irish independence 1918 – 1923” Charles Townshend ISBN 978-0-141-03004-3
4. ^ Jump up to: ^ab New order in court as € 140m legal ‘Pantheon’ opens doors, Dearbhail McDonald, Irish Independent, November 24, 2009
5. Jump up ^ The first case set new criminal courts, Carol Coulter, The Irish Times November 24, 2009

Dublin Castle (Irish: Caislean Bhaile Átha Cliath ) of Dame Street, Dublin, Ireland, was until 1922 the seat of the British government’s administration in Ireland, and is now a major Irish government complex. Most of it is from the 18th century, though a castle has stood on the site since the days of King John, the first Lord of Ireland. The castle served as the seat of English, later British government of Ireland under the dominion Ireland (1171-1541), the Kingdom of Ireland (1541-1800), and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1800-1922).

After the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in December 1921, the complex ceremony handed over to the newly formed Provisional Government led by Michael Collins. ^[1]

Roller

Dublin Castle fulfilled a number of roles throughout its history. Originally built as a defensive fortification for the Norman city of Dublin, later developed into a royal residence, resided in by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland or Viceroy of Ireland, the representative of the monarch. The second in command in the Dublin Castle administration, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, also had his office there. Over the years, Parliament and the courts met at the castle before moving to new purpose-built premises. There was also a military garrison. “Castle Catholic” was a pejorative term for Catholics who were considered to be too friendly with or supporting the British administration.

At the formation of the Free State in 1922, assumed the castle for a decade, the role of the Four Courts on the Liffey quays which had been severely damaged during the civil war.

It was decided in 1938 that the inauguration of the first President of Ireland, Douglas Hyde would take place in the castle, and the complex has hosted this ceremony since. The castle is also used to house official state visits, and more informal foreign connections, state banquets and government policy launches, and acts as a central base for Ireland’s hosting the European Presidency approximately every 10 years.

History

The Record Tower, the only surviving tower of the medieval castle dating from c.1228.

To his left is the Chapel Royal.

Dublin Castle was first founded as a major defensive work of Meiler Fitzhenry on the orders of King John of England in 1204, ^[2] some time after the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, when it was commanded to a castle built with strong walls and good ditches the defense of the city, the administration of justice, and the protection of the king’s treasure. ^[3] largely complete by 1230, the castle was typical Norman courtyard design, with a central square but keep, bounded all sides by high defensive walls and protected in every corner of a round tower. Positioned to the southeast Norman Dublin Castle formed a corner of the outer perimeter of the city, with the river Poddle as a natural way to defend themselves along two of its sides. The city wall directly connects the castle’s northeastern Powder Tower, which stretches north and west around the city before the reunification of the castle on the Southwestern Bermingham Tower. In 1620 the English-born Judge Luke Gernonvar very impressed by the wall: “a great and mighty wall, square, and the incredible thickness”. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

The Poddle diverted into the city through the vaults where the walls adjacent to the castle, artificial floods moat of the fortress city heights. One of these vaults and part of the wall survive buried under the buildings 18th century, and is open to the public.

Soldiers at Dublin Castle, c.1905

By the Middle Ages wooden house in the castle square evolved and changed, the most significant addition is the Great Hall built of stone and wood, alternatively used as the Reichstag, the courts and the banquet hall. The building survived until 1673, when it was damaged by fire and demolished shortly afterwards. The Castle court department, the Irish equivalent of the English Star Chamber, sitting in Dublin Castle in a room that is specially built for around 1570. The castle sustained serious fire damage in 1684. Extensive remodeling transformed it from medieval fortress to the Georgian palace. No traces of medieval buildings remain above ground level today, with the exception of the large Record Tower (about 1228-1230); it is the only surviving tower of the original fortification, its pinnacles an early 19th century additions. ^[4]

United Irishmen General Joseph Holt, a participant in the 1798 Rising, was detained in the Bermingham Tower before being transported to New South Wales 1799th

1884 Officer of the castle was the center of a sensational gay scandal incited by Irish nationalist politician William O’Brien through his newspaper United Ireland . ^[5]

In 1907, the Irish Crown Jewels were stolen from the castle. Suspicion fell on the Officer of Arms, Sir Arthur Vicars, but rumors about his homosexuality and links to important societal gay men in London, may have been compromised undersökningen.Juvel has never been found. ^[6]

At the beginning of the Easter Rising in 1916, a force of twenty-five Irish army were members able to seize the entrance and guard room of the castle, before reinforcements for the small garrison came. ^[7] During the Anglo-Irish War the Castle was the nerve center of the British effort against Irish separatism . On the night of Bloody Sunday in 1920, three Irish Republican Army members Dick McKee, Conor Cluneoch Peadar Clancy, tortured and killed there. ^{[8] [9] [10]}

When the Irish Free State came to 1922, ceased Dublin Castle to serve as the administrative seat. It served for some years as temporary Courts of Justice (the four courts, home of the Irish judiciary, had been destroyed in 1922).After the court vacated the premises, the Castle was used for state ceremonial. As Chairman of the Executive Council, Éamon de Valera received references from which the newly arrived ambassadors to Ireland on behalf of King George V in 1930. 1938 Douglas Hyde was inaugurated as president of Ireland at the castle. Inaugurations of subsequent presidents took place there in 1945, 1952, 1959, 1966, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1983, 1990, 1997 and 2011. President Erskine Hamilton Childers’ lying in-state took place there in November 1974, which allowed the former President Éamon de Valera in September, 1975.

The castle is a tourist attraction and after major renovation, is also used as a conference center. During Ireland’s Presidency of the European Union, it has been the site of numerous meetings of the European Council. The crypt of the Chapel Royal is now used as an arts center, and occasional concerts are held in the grounds of the castle. The complex of buildings is usually open to the public, except during state functions.

State Apartments

The state apartments, ^[11] located in the southern area of buildings in Upper Yard, contains rooms previously used by the Lord Lieutenant for personal accommodations and public entertain Castle season. Today, these richly decorated rooms used by the Irish Government for official purposes, including political announcements, hosting state visits and ceremonial inauguration of the President every seven years. The main room in the state apartments include:

Saint Patrick’s Hall

This is the most beautiful place in the function room, and includes one of the most important decorative interiors in Ireland. Former ballroom of the Lord Lieutenant administration today the room is used for presidential inaugurations. It is one of the oldest rooms in the castle, dating from the 1740s, although its interior is largely from c. 1790, including the most significant painted ceilings in Ireland is carried out by Vincenzo Valdre (c. 1742-1814). It consists of three panels, showing the roof coronation of King George III, St. Patrick introducing Christianity to Ireland, and King Henry II received the submission of the Irish Chieftains. The state dinner hosted by the President of Ireland to welcome Queen Elizabeth II to Ireland was held here in the evening of 18 May 2011.

After disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1871, the Order of St. Patrick, the Irish order of chivalry, moved his ceremonial home from St. St. Patrick’s Cathedral Patrick Hall. The bands and hatchment plates of the knights who lived at the time of Irish independence remain.

Throne room

Originally built as Battleaxe Hall in the 1740s, it was converted into a presence department around 1790. The royal decoration date from that time and from changes in the 1830s. It contains a throne built for the visit of King George IV to Ireland 1821st

State Drawing Room

Built in the 1830s as the main reception room of the Lord Lieutenant and his household, today this room is reserved in use for receiving foreign dignitaries. Largely destroyed in a fire in 1941, the room was reconstructed with slight modifications in 1964-1968 by the OPW, using salvaged and replicated furnishings and decor.

State Dining Room

Also called Picture Gallery, and formerly known as the Supper room, this is the oldest room in the castle and largely retains its original furnishings, has avoided major changes and fire over the years. It originates from Lord Chesterfield building of the state apartments in the 1740s, and was intended to be used as a dinner room adjoining Patrick Hall and as a personal dining.Today, the room is still used for dinner when conferences take place in St. Patrick’s Hall.

State bedroom

These former private quarters of the Lord Lieutenant was built as five interconnecting rooms which runs along the back of the building, next to the spine corridor that separates them from government salon. Completely rebuilt in the 1960s after the fire in 1941, the rooms retain the original courtly sequence and today is used as the associated drawings and conference rooms to the main apartments. The last dignitary to stay in the royal bedrooms was Margaret Thatcher, who spent a night with her husband Dennis during the European Council meetings in the 1980s.

State corridor

The most architectural space of state apartments, this expressive, deeply modeled corridor was built c. 1758 to the design of the Surveyor General, Thomas Eyre. Based on the early 18th century hall of Edward Lovett Pearce in the former parliament building on College Green, it has a marching procession of arches and vaults originally top-lit. Unfortunately office floors built over the skylight after complete reconstruction of the corridor in the 1960s as a result of differential settlement with the reconstruction of the adjacent salongen.Korridoren features exact plaster casts of the original bow detail, and the original door cases and fireplaces rescued before refurbishment.

Dublin Castle is currently maintained by the Office of Public Works, and houses, among other offices in the Revenue Commissioners in a 20-century building at the end of the Castle Yard, some parts of the Office of Public Works in an old stable area, and some features in Garda Síochána.

The castle complex also hosts the Chester Beatty Library, in a purpose built facility.

Film

Dublin Castle has starred in many films, including Barry Lyndon , Michael Collins , Becoming Jane and medal , as well as the television series The Tudors, where it serves as the Vatican in the pilot.

Music

Dublin Castle hosts the Heineken Green Energy Festival every May bank holiday weekend. Part of Dublin Castle appears on the cover of Jandek albumKhartoum Variations .

See also

• Castles in the UK and Ireland
• Royal Chapel
• Dublin Castle administration in Ireland
• List of castles in Ireland

References

1. Jump up ^ Costello, Peter (1999). Dublin Castle, in the life of the Irish nation. Dublin. Wolfhound Press ISBN 0-86327-610-5.
2. Jump up ^ “Fitzhenry, Meiler.” Dictionary of National Biography.London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885-1900.
3. Jump up ^ McCarthy, Denis; Benton, David (2004). Dublin Castle: at the heart of Irish history. Dublin: Irish Government Stationery Office. pp. 12-18. ISBN 0-7557-1975-1.
4. Jump up ^ Dublin Castle (2002). “Dublin Castle site (history)”. Dublin Castle. Archived from the original The 1 August 2008. Taken 2008-08-20.
5. Jump up ^ Costello, Peter Dublin Castle in the life of the Irish nation , wolf Press, 1999, P77, P104
6. Jump up ^ Kilfeather, Siobhán Marie Dublin: A Cultural History , Oxford University Press, 2005, p248
7. Jump up ^ Kostick, Conor. Easter Rising. pp. 115-116. ISBN 0-86278-638-X.
8. Jump up ^ Sean O’Mahony, died in the castle: Three murders in Dublin Castle in 1920. 1916/1921 Club
9. Jump up ^ Dwyer, T. Ryle, the squad (2005)
10. Jump up ^ MacLysaght, Changing Times (1978)
11. Jump up ^ McCarthy, Denis; Benton, David (2004). Dublin Castle: at the heart of Irish history. Dublin: Irish Government Stationery Office. pp.128-130. ISBN 0-7557-1975-1.

Christ Church Cathedral (or, more formally, The Cathedral of the Holy Trinity ) is the cathedral in the United diocese of Dublin and Glendalough and the cathedral of the ecclesiastical province in the United Provinces of Dublin and Cashel in the Church of Ireland. ^[1] It is located in Dublin, Ireland , and is the older of the capital’s two medieval cathedrals, the other being St. Patrick’s Cathedral.

Overview and History

Overview

Christ Church is officially claimed as the seat ( cathedra ) of both the Church of Ireland and Roman Catholic archbishops of Dublin. In law and in fact has been the cathedral of only the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin, since the English Reformation. Though nominally claimed as his cathedral, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin uses St Marys in Marlborough Street in Dublin’s pro-cathedral (acting cathedral). ^{[Nb 1]}

Christ Church Cathedral is located in the old heart of medieval Dublin, next to Wood Quay by the end of Lord Edward Street. But a major dual carriage-way, building on the separated it from the original medieval street pattern which once surrounded it, with its original architectural contexts (in the middle of a maze of small buildings and streets) lost due to road construction and demolition of older residential by Wood Quay. As a result, the cathedral appears dominant in isolation behind new civil offices along the quays, of its original medieval context. In recent years, the cathedral offers a great set of medieval drama, such as the CW hit drama “Reign” .Huvudbyggnad “Christ Church Cathedral” was used to film the crucial moment in the drama pilot.The Cathedral also offers a great backdrop to the hit drama “The Tudors,” which was Christchurch Cathedrals longest TV show to be filmed in the compounds of the cathedral, many dresses and clothes worn by Maria Doyle Kennedy (Catherine of Aragon) and Jonathon Rhys Myers ( Henrik) are available to be seen in the crypt of Christ Church Cathedral.

Christchurch is the only one of the three cathedrals cathedrals or acts that can be seen clearly from the River Liffey.

first Cathedral

The cathedral was founded probably sometime after 1028 when King Sitric Silke Beard, the Hiberno-Norse king of Dublin, made a pilgrimage to Rome.The first bishop of this new diocese Dublin was Dunan or Donatella, and the pin was at the time a small island of land surrounded by much larger Diocese of Glendalough, and was for a time head of Canterbury rather than to the Irish church hierarchy. The church was built on the high ground overlooking the Viking settlement at Wood Quay and Sitric gave “lands in Baldoyle, Raheny and Portrane for its maintenance.” ^[2] Of the four old Celtic Christian churches are said to have been around Dublin, only one, dedicated to St. .Martin of Tours, was within the walls of the Viking city, and Christchurch was one of only two churches in the city. ^[2]

The cathedral was originally staffed by secular priests. The second bishop of Dublin presented the Benedictines. In 1163, Christchurch was converted into a priory of the Regular Order of Arrosian Canon (August Reformed Rule) of the second archbishop of Dublin, later saint Laurence O’Toole, which acceded to the convention itself; the latter led by August 1 before, which ranks as the second church figure of the pin, and not a dean, until the restoration in 1541. The Priory, Priory of the Holy Trinity, became the richest religious houses in Ireland, holding over 10,000 acres (40 km ² ) of property in Dublin alone ^{[3] the} most notable of these was the home of three farms held at the Grange Gorman, Glasnevin and Clonken or Clonkene, now known as Dean Grange. ^[4]

Norman period

Henry II took part in the Christmas service at the Cathedral in 1171. According cathedral guidebook this was the first time Henry had supper after the murder of Thomas Becket of Henry’s knights in Canterbury.

In the 1180s, Strongbow and other Norman magnates helped finance a complete rebuild of Christchurch, originally a wooden building in stone, comprising the construction of a drive, drive aisles and transepts, the crypt and chapel to St. Edmund and St. Mary and St. Lô.

A chapel to St. Laurence O’Toole was in the 13th century and much of the existing nave was built in the 1230s. Its design is inspired by the architecture of the English western school of Gothic and the forging of a stones- Somerset oolite- was sculpted and artisans from the region. ^[5]

In 1300 Richard de Ferings, Archbishop of Dublin arranged an agreement between the two cathedrals, the Pacis Compostio , who recognized both as cathedrals and took some steps to meet their common position (see below for more on this).

In the 1350s a major extension was made by John de St. Paul, Archbishop of Dublin from 1349 to 1362. By 1358, nave of the cathedral was partly used for secular purposes and a “long quire” was added extension of the old choir area of approximately 10 meters. St. Paul also installed an organ. His work was destroyed by major refit in the 1870s.

In 1480 the rich Judge William Sutton bequeathed all his loins and silver to the cathedral.

The cathedral was the site of the alleged coronation, 1487, Lambert Simnel, a boy pretender who tried unsuccessfully to dismiss Henry VII of England, as “King Edward VI”.

In 1493 the choir school was founded.

reformation

1539, King Henry VIII, the priory converted into a cathedral with a Dean and Chapter and worked to ensure Christchurch followed his new church structure. His immediate successor, Edward VI of England, in 1547, provided funds for an increase in the Cathedral staffing and annual royal funding for the choir school.

King Edward VI suppressed formally St. Patrick’s Cathedral and 25 April 1547 was its silver jewelry and ornaments are transferred to the dean and chapter of Christchurch. This episode ended with a late act of Queen Mary’s reign, an act of April 27, 1558 consists of a release or reception of Thomas Leverous, dean and chapter of St. Patrick, of “goods, bags, musical instruments, etc.” belongs to this Cathedral and who had been in possession of the Dean and chapter of Christ Church.

Queen Mary I of England, and later James I of England, also increased Christchurch donation. Meanwhile, in 1551, the church service was sung for the first time in Ireland in English instead of Latin. 1560, the Bible was first read in English.

Kingdom, Ireland

The grounds of the ship, resting on peat, slipped in 1562, bringing down the south wall and the arched stone ceiling (the northern wall, which visibly leans survived, and largely goes back to 1230) .Delreparationer performed but much of the debris was simply leveled and new floor built over it until 1871. in 1620 the English-born judge Luke Gernon noted that Christ Church was in a better condition than St. Patrick.

In the 17th century, both the Parliament and the courts met in buildings constructed along Christchurch. King James II himself presided over the state opening of parliament at that location. However, Parliament and the courts both moved elsewhere: the courts to the newly built Four Courts on the river front, and Parliament House in Chichester hoggen Green, the building that is now the Bank of Ireland, College Green.

As well as nearby St. Patrick, the building was in poor condition for much of the 19th century. After the building was declared unsafe and no longer suitable for use, some limited work performed by Matthew Price (Architect) between 1829 and 1831st

19th and 20th centuries

The cathedral was extensively renovated and built in 1871-1878 by George Edmund Street, with the sponsorship of the distiller Henry Roe Mount Anville. The great 14th century run was demolished and a new east side was built over the original crypt. He built a new chapter house. Tower byggdes.Den south nave arcade was built. The buttresses were added as a decorative feature. The northern porch was removed. Baptistry was built in its place. ^[6] Street built adjacent Synod Hall, taking in the last remains of St Michael and All Angels Church, including the clock tower. The synod house is connected to the Cathedral by the Street’s iconic covered walkway. Roe spent over £ 230,000 at the time (over € 26 million in 2006 terms). Further renovations were carried out, especially between 1980 and in 1982.

Role

Christchurch is the center of worship for the united diocese and keeps notable annual events such as citizenship service. As the cathedral in the southern province of the Church of Ireland also hosts ordinations of priests and consecration of bishops.

Architecture

Impact of the restoration

After an extensive renovation in Victorian times, while severely decayed structure preserved from collapse, it is still difficult to say which parts of the interior is genuinely medieval and which parts are Victorian pastiche.Photographs taken from the outside shows the dramatic nature of the renovation done by the Victorians: Archbishop of St. Paul’s 14-century cathedral, especially “long chorus,” was almost completely destroyed. Yet Christchurch remains a fascinating sampling of surviving medieval and later the church building.

Fist

The cathedral famously the reputed tomb of Strongbow, a medieval Norman-Welsh Civil and warlord who came to Ireland at the request of King Diarmuid MacMorrough and whose arrival marked the beginning of the Anglo-Norman involvement in Ireland. According to Christ Church Cathedral website, in 1562 the ship roof vaults collapsed and Strongbow’s tomb was shattered; the current grave is a modern replacement from Drogheda. ^[7] It is well documented from a number of sources, ^{[ citation needed ]}the tomb of Strongbow was used as the venue for legal contracts from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Besides the main tomb is a small figure with sloping shoulders, indicating a female figure, but wearing chain mail, which may indicate that it was a child.

crypt

Christchurch also contains the largest cathedral crypt (63.4m long) in the UK or Ireland, constructed in 1172-1173. After being restored in the early 2000s, it is now open to visitors.

The crypt contains various monuments and historical features, including:

• the oldest known secular carvings in Ireland, two carved statues that until the end of the 18th century stood outside the Tholsel (Dublin medieval town hall, which was demolished in 1806)
• a tabernacle and set of candlesticks used when the cathedral was last used (for a very short time) under the “Roman rite,” when the Catholic King James II, after fleeing England in 1690, came to Ireland to fight for his throne and attended High Mass in the temporary reintroduction of Christchurch as a Roman Catholic cathedral.
• stocks earlier in Christchurch Place, made in 1670 and used for the punishment of criminals before the courts Dean Liberty (the small area in the Cathedral exclusive civic authority), moved here in 1870
• historical books and altar goods Cathedral
• “The Cat & The Rat” is displayed with an explanatory note.

The Chapter

Behind the altar area, there’s Chapter House, which contains the cathedral offices, meeting rooms and other facilities.

Synod hall and bridge

In the western part of the cathedral is a fully integrated stone bridge, leading to the former Synod Hall, which was built on the site of St Michael’s, a prebendal Church of Christ Church, which was demolished in the street during the restoration of the cathedral. This hall, which contains the old St Michael’s tower was formerly used to house the general synods and the diocese Dublin, Glendalough and Kildare. It is now home to Dubliniaexhibition on medieval Dublin.

Status

Two question cathedral

For most of their common history, both Christchurch and St Patrick’s Cathedral was the status of the Dublin diocese, a rare event that only ended after the transition to DISESTABLISH church Irland.I early times, there was considerable conflict over the status but according to the six-point agreement by 1300, Pacis Composition , still preserved, and in force until 1870:

• The consecration and enthronement of the Archbishop of Dublin would take place in Christchurch – records show that this rule is not always followed, with many metropolitans enthroned in both and at least two in St. Patrick’s single
• Christchurch had formal preference, as a mother and leader cathedral of the diocese
• Christchurch was to keep the cross, miter and ring of each deceased Archbishop of Dublin
• Died Archbishops of Dublin would be buried alternately in each of the two cathedrals, unless they personally wanted otherwise
• The annual opening ceremony of chrism oil for the diocese would take place in Christchurch
• The two cathedrals would work like one, and divided equally in their freedom

1868 Church Commissioners’ report suggested that St. Patrick’s Cathedral and only reduce Christchurch to a church. ^[8]

Catholicism

To this day, the Acting seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, St Mary’s is known as a “pro-cathedral” in recognition of the fact that the Holy See maintains Christchurch as the rightful seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop.

Rule

Dean and Chapter

The dean and chapter with the consent of the Archbishop of Dublin, Chair of the cathedral, with the Dean as “first among equals” in the chapter but keeps a day-to-day authority, provided that the specific roles of other characters (the dean and chapter together in a situation similar to a rector of a parish).

The chapter includes the Dean, the sexton (who must be skilled in music), chancellor, treasurer, archdeacons of Dublin and Glendalough and 12 guns, eight-be priests in the diocese of Dublin and the four priests in the diocese Glendalough (the highest three of appointment is known as PREBENDARY St. Michaels, PREBENDARY St. Michan’s and PREBENDARY St Johns).

(See Dean of Christ Church Cathedral more of the deans and the previous priors.)

Dean is appointed by the Archbishop of Dublin and in an arrangement started in 1971, is also the responsibility of the Christ Church Cathedral Group congregations, whose day-to-day care in the hands of a vicar appointed by a special board of patronage.

Dean can appoint a deputy and also appoints the cathedral verger. The dean and chapter together appoint sacristan, while the other members of the chapter are appointed by the archbishop.

Board

After having been historically controlled by his priestly chapter alone, since 1872 the cathedral has been operationally supervised by a board of directors consisting of nine office members (Dean, sacristan, two office vicars and five other priests) ^[9] and nine lay people elected every third annual Easter vestry.The Board has the power to appoint and remove officials from other than those whose appointment lies with the archbishop and the dean and chapter, or Dean to regulate wages and handle financial matters Cathedral. The board is in a similar situation to a select vestry of a parish.

Board committees – in mid-2007, these are: administration and finance, culture (including financial), deanery, fabric, fundraising, health and safety, information technology, music, protection of confidence and towers.

other priests

There’s a Reverend Dean (and clerk of the chapter), vicar of the Cathedral Group Wards and services of a chaplain’s assistant and a student readers. It is also mostly honorary office vicars.

Music

Christchurch has a long musical history, with a well-known cathedral choir and a girls’ choir. Together with the parish clerk, is the musical side of the work headed by “an organist and music director”, who work with an assistant organist and organ lessons, as well as “honorary Keeper of Music Librarian” and the 2007, a “Music Development Officer”.

List of organists

Bell

Christ Church Cathedral probably had at least one bell from the start. By 1440 there were known to be three large bells in the tower; But March 11, 1597, an accidental gunpowder explosion in one of the neighboring piers damaged tower and caused clocks to crack. The effects of the blast also damaged the tower near St. Audoen church.

In 1670, six new bells cast for the tower from the cannon metal. These were expanded to eight in 1738 and then to the Twelve 1878th

The latest gain was in 1999 when seven bells were added to the ring, giving a grand total of 19 bells, a world record for the bells rung in this way. While this does not provide a diatonic scale of 19 notes, unique, it provides a choice of combinations: three 12-bell peals (the keys B, C # and F #), and 14 and 16 bell peals. At the time of augmentation, this was only the second 16 full circle bell peal in the world – St Martin’s church in Birmingham is the first.

The peal of work led by the “Ring Master and Master of the Tower.”

Administrative staff

Cathedral staff headed by a CEO Bernie Murphy, in April 2010. There is also a cathedral manager, financial manager, visitor services officer and education officer, officer tours, events officer and tourism and business development officer with the floor staff and event staff.

Archive and Publications

Christchurch has a number of historical archives and has arranged a number of publications over the years, and to maintain a website since the 1990s.The work is supervised by “honorary keeper of the archives” and “Web and e-mail editor , along with the” Honorary Secretary Christchurch Publications, Ltd. “.

friends

The cathedral is supported by volunteer friends to Christ Church Cathedral, founded in 1929, and is working with the cathedral authorities in a variety of ways.

access

As Christchurch receive no regular government support, while welcoming all the guests and has a chapel for those who just want to ask, there are fees for sightseeing, which can also be paid in conjunction with the purchase of a ticket to the neighboring Dublinia exhibition. There is a gift shop with souvenirs, recordings of cathedral music groups and publications.

Group of congregations

In 1971, the General Synod, after previous discussions created “Christ Church Cathedral Group congregations”, unites it was when four churches with the cathedral, whose dean is their principal: St Andrews, St Werburgh’s, All Saints (Grange Gorman) and St. Michan’s, St. Paul and St. Mary. The parishes are monitored daily by a vicar is chosen by a special committee of patronage.

funerals

• The heart of Lorcán Ua Tuathail (Saint Laurence O’Toole / Archbishop of Dublin). It was stolen from the cathedral on March 3, 2012. ^[10]
• John Comyn (Archbishop)
• Thomas Cartwright (Bishop)
• John Maxwell (Archbishop)
• Stephen the Fulbourn
• John Parker (Archbishop)
• Thomas Lindsay (metropolitan)
• Henry Leslie (Bishop)
• St. George Ashe
• Welbore Ellis (Bishop)
• John Garvey (Archbishop)
• John de St. Paul (Archbishop)
• James Barry, 1st Baron Barry Santry

See also

• Archbishop of Dublin

Notes

1. Jump up ^ Periodically, it has been suggested that the Catholic Church intends to “downgrade” to Christchurch church level (that is, effectively recognizing that the church no longer sees it as his cathedra ) and either upgrade the St Marys to full cathedral or status to build a new cathedral. Until the 1970s, the park in the center of Merrion Square was the planned site of the new cathedral, but the place was instead given on a leasehold to Dublin City Council. From 1974-2010 it was known as “Archbishop Ryan Park” by Archbishop Dermot Ryan, who made a gift to the people of Dublin.

References

1. Jump up ^ Christchurch at the official site of the Church of Ireland
2. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Dublin: Catholic Truth Society, 1911: Bishop of Canea: Short stories of Dublin judgments, Part VIII, p. 162
3. Jump up ^ Raymond Gillespie: A History of Christ Church Cathedral.Four Courts Press, 1996.
4. Jump up ^ Mac Giolla Phádraig, Brian, “14th century life in a Dublin convent” in Dublin Historical Record 1 (3) (September 1938), pp 69, 72 thereof.
5. Jump up ^ Harold G. Leask, Irish churches and cloisters
6. Jump up ^ Shell Guide to Ireland
7. Jump up ^ “The History of Christ Church Cathedral” (PDF).Christchurchdublin.ie. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
8. Jump up ^ established church (Ireland) Commission (1868). Report. A. Thomson for HMSO. pp. VII to IX; §24,30. Hämtadtio November 2014.
9. Jump up ^ “In 1921, and every three years thereafter, the Dean and Chapter choose among priests in the cathedral of five persons with Dean, the sacristan, and the two leading office Vicars, shall be members of the Cathedral Board. “
10. Jump up ^ “Relic of St. Laurence O’Toole stolen”. RTÉ News and Current Affairs. March 3, 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2012.