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Michael Collins (Irish: Micheal Ó Coileáin, ^{[2] [3]} October 16, 1890 – August 22, 1922) was a soldier and politician who was a leading figure in the fight for Irish independence in the early 20th century. Collins was an Irish revolutionary leader, politician, Minister of Finance, Director, and Teachta Dala (TD) for Cork South in the first Dáil in 1919, Adjutant General, Head förunderrättelsetjänsten, and Director of the organization and arms supplies to the IRA, President of the Irish Republican Brotherhood from November 1920 until his death, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations. Subsequently, he was both president of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-chief of the national army. ^[1]Collins was shot and killed in an ambush in August 1922 during the Irish Civil War.

early years

Born in Sam’s Cross, near Clonakilty, County Cork, Collins was the third son and youngest of eight children. Most biographies gives his date of birth as October 16, 1890, but his tombstone quote 12 October 1890 cited in a British intelligence report as “brainy,” Collins family was part of an ancient clan, scattered across the county Cork. They had Republican connections that can be traced back to the 1798 uprising. ^[4]

Collins’s father, Michael John (1816-1897), was a farmer by profession. A mathematician in his spare time, he had been a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) movement. The elder Collins was 60 ^[5] years old when he married Mary Anne O’Brien, then 23, ^[6] in 1876. ^[7] The marriage was apparently happy. They raised eight children on a 90-acre (36 hectare) farm called Woodfield, Collins held as tenants in several generations.

On his deathbed, his father (who was the seventh son of a seventh son) predicted that his daughter Helena (one of Michael’s older sisters) would become a nun. She was later known as Sister Mary Celestine, based in Whitby. ^[8] He then turned to the family and told them to take care of Michael, because “One day he will be a great man. He will do great work for Ireland. “Michael was six years old when his father died. ^[9]

Michael Collins at age 8 with his family.

Collins was a bright and precocious child with a fiery temper and a passionate sense of Irish nationalism. He named a local blacksmith, James Santry, and his principal at Lisavaird National School, Denis Lyons, as the first nationalists to personally inspire his “pride Irishness.” Lyon was a member of the IRB, while Santry family had participated in, and forged weapons the uprising in 1798, 1848 and 1867. ^{[4] [10]}

There are a number of anecdotal explanations for the rise of his nickname, “The Big Fellow”. The most authoritative comes from his family, that he was so called by them while still a child. It had been a term of endearment for his youngest brother, who was always keen to take on tasks beyond his years. It was probably already down by a teenager, long before he emerged as a political or military leaders. ^[11]

At the age of thirteen he boarded in Clonakilty National School. During the week he stayed with his sister Margaret Collins O’Driscoll and her husband Patrick O’Driscoll, while the weekends, he returned to the family farm.Patrick O’Driscoll founded the newspaper the West Cork People and Collins helped with general reporting job and prepare questions about the newspaper. ^[12]

Collins, a young recruit.

After leaving school at fifteen took Collins British personnel survey in Cork in February 1906, ^[13] and subsequently employed by the Royal Mail. ^[14] In 1906, he moved home to his older sister Hannie (Johanna) in London, where he became a messenger at the London firm of stockbrokers, Horne and Company. ^[13] While living in London, he studied law at Kings College London. ^[15] he joined the London GAA and through this, the IRB. Sam Maguire, a Republican from Dunmanway, County Cork, introduced the 19-year-old Collins into the IRB. ^[16] In 1915, he moved to Guaranty Trust Company of New York, where he stayed until he returned to Ireland the following year ^[17] to go part-time Craig curtains & Co. , an accounting firm in Dawson Street, Dublin. ^[18]

Easter Rising

The struggle for Greenland, along with labor unrest, led to the formation in 1913 of two major nationalist paramilitary groups that would start the Easter Rising: the Irish National Army founded by James Connolly and the Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU), to protect strikers from Dublin Metropolitan Police during the 1913 Dublin Lockout. The Irish Volunteers was created in the same year by the IRB and other nationalists in response to the formation of the Ulster Volunteers (UVF), a loyalist Ulster subordinated body to resist Home Rule by force.

Organizer of significant intelligence Collins had become highly respected in the IRB. This led to his appointment as financial advisor to Count Plunkett, father of one of the Easter Rising’s organizers, Joseph Plunkett. Collins took part in the preparations arms and drilling troops for rebellion.

The Rising would be Collins’s first appearance in the national events. When it began on Easter Monday in 1916, Collins served as Plunkett aide-de-camp at the uprising’s headquarters in the General Post Office (GPO) in Dublin.There he fought with Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, and other members of the Rising leadership. The Rising is generally acknowledged to have been a military disaster, but the rebels achieved their goal to keep their positions for the minimum time necessary to justify claims for independence according to international criteria. ^[19]

Caught Irish soldiers in Stafford Gaol following the failed Easter Rising.Collins is fifth from the right with an “x” over his head.

Was arrested along with thousands of other participants, Collins was later imprisoned at Frongoch internment camp in Wales.

Collins first started to emerge as a key figure in the vacuum created by the 1916 executions of leadership. He began to hatch plans for “next time” before the prison ship left Dublin. ^[20]

On Frongoch he was one of the organizers of a program of protest and lack of cooperation with the authorities, similar to that later carried out by the IRA interned 1980s. The camp proved to be an excellent opportunity for networking with physical strength Republicans from across the country, where he became a key organizer. ^{[21] [22]}

While some celebrated the fact that a rising had happened at all believing in Pearse’s theory of “blood sacrifice” (that is to say that the deaths of the Rising leaders would inspire others), Collins railed against the military mistakes made, such as the seizure of indefensible and very vulnerable positions such as St. Stephen’s Green, which was impossible to escape from and difficult to leverera.Folkstorm put pressure on the British government to end the detention insertion. In December 1916 the Frongoch prisoners sent home.

1917-1918

Before his death, Tom Clarke, the first signatory of the 1916 notice and generally considered Rising main organizer, had appointed his wife Kathleen (Daly) Clarke as official caretaker Rising public sector, in the event that management can not survive. In June 1916, Mrs. Clarke sent out the first after the Rising communiqué to the IRB, declares Rising to be just the beginning and control the nationalists to prepare for “the next battle.” Shortly after his release Mrs. Clarke appointed Collins secretary of the national support and volunteers Dependents Fund (NAVDF ) and then on to him confidential organizational information and contacts that she had held in trust for the independence movement.

Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith

Collins became one of the leading figures in the rising independence movement tip of Arthur Griffith, editor / publisher of the most important nationalist magazine United Irishman, (which Collins had read avidly as a boy.) ^[21] Griffiths organization Sinn Féin was founded in 1905 as a umbrella organization to unite all the different factions within the nationalist movement.

According to Griffiths politics, Collins and other advocates of “physical force” approach to the independence gained in cooperation with non-violent Sinn Féin, while agree to disagree with Griffiths moderate ideas of a dual monarchy solution based on the Hungarian model. ^[23] the British government and traditional Irish media had mistakenly blame Sinn Féin Rising. This attracted Ascending participants to join the organization to take advantage of the reputation of such a British propaganda had permeated the organization. By October 1917 Collins had risen to become a member of the executive of Sinn Féin and director of organization for the Irish Volunteers.Éamon de Valera, another veteran of 1916, accounted for the presidency of Sinn Fein to Griffith, who stepped aside and supported de Valera presidency.^[23]

First Dáil

Members of the First Dáil
First row from left to right: Laurence Ginnell, Michael Collins, Cathal Brugha, Arthur Griffith, Éamon de Valera, Count Plunkett, Eoin MacNeill, WT Cosgrave, Kevin O’Higgins (third row, right)

In the 1918 general election, Sinn Fein swept the polls in large parts of Ireland, with many seats uncontested, and formed an overwhelming parliamentary majority in Ireland. Like many leading representatives of Sinn Féin Collins was elected an MP (Cork South) with the right to sit in the British House of Commons in London. Unlike its competitors in the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), Sinn Féin MPs had announced that they would not take their seats in Westminster, but instead would set up an Irish Parliament in Dublin. ^[24]

Before the new body’s first meeting, Collins, tipped off by his network of spies, warned his colleagues plan to arrest all members of the night raids. De Valera and others ignored warnings on the argument that, if the arrests happened, they would constitute a propaganda coup. The intelligence proved correct, and de Valera, along with Sinn Féin MPs who followed his advice, were arrested; Collins and other circumvented captivating.

The new parliament, called Dáil Éireann (meaning “Assembly of Ireland”, see First Dáil) met in the Mansion House, Dublin in January 1919. In de Valera’s absence, Cathal Brugha valdesPríomh Aire ( “first” or “Prime” Minister but often translated as “President of Dáil Éireann). The following April Collins constructed de Valera escape from Lincoln Prison in England, after which Brugha was replaced by de Valera.

No state gave diplomatic recognition to the Republic in 1919, despite persistent lobbying in Washington by de Valera and prominent Irish-Americans and at the Paris Peace Conference. In January 1919, the Dáil ratified the Irish Republican Army’s (IRA) claims to be the army of the Irish Republic. IRA had begun a military campaign coincidentally on the same day as the first Dáil sitting with Soloheadbeg ambushes and IRA’s respect for the authority of the Dáil was very conditional. (The Irish Volunteers became known as the IRA because their inmates insertion of Frongach. Until the Civil War, the two terms are used interchangeably.)

Minister of Finance

Michael Collins as finance minister.

In 1919, already busy Collins yet another responsibility when de Valera appointed him Aireacht (ministry) as Minister of Finance. ^[25] Most of the ministries existed only on paper or as one or two people working in a room of a private house, with given the circumstances of a brutal war in which the ministers risked being arrested or killed by the Royal Irish Constabulary, the British army, the Black and Tans or assistants at a moment’s notice.

Despite this, Collins managed to produce a Finance Ministry that was able to organize a large bond issue in the form of a “National Loan” to fund the new Irish Republic. ^[26] According to Batt O’Connor, Dáil loans raised almost £ 400,000, of which £ 25,000 was in gold . The loan, which was declared illegal by the British, was lodged in individual bank accounts managers. The gold held under the floor of the O’Connor house until 1922. ^[27] The Russian Republic, in the middle of its own civil war, ordered Ludwig Martens, head of the Soviet Bureau in New York to get a “national loan” from the Irish Republic through Harry Boland , offers some jewels as collateral. Jewel remained in a Dublin safe, forgotten by all sides, until the 1930s, when they were found by chance.

The war

The Irish War of Independence in fact started the day on which the first Dáil took office on January 21, 1919. At this time, an ambush party IRA volunteers from 3rd Tipperary Brigade including Séamus Robinson, Dan Breen, Seán Treacy and Seán Hogan, Attacke a pair of Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) men who Eskorte a party gelignite to a quarry in Soloheadbeg, County Tipperary.The two police officers were shot to death during surgery. This ambush is considered the first action in the Irish War of Independence. ^[28] The commitment had no prior authorization from the emerging government. But Collins in the Dáil discussion of the event implicitly accepted responsibility on behalf of the IRB. The legislator support for the armed struggle soon after became official. ^{[21] [29]}

Harry Boland ( left ), Michael Collins ( middle ), and Éamon de Valera ( right ).

From the time Collins filled a number of roles in addition to their legislative duties. That summer he was elected chairman of the IRB (and therefore, the doctrine of this organization, de jure President of the Irish Republic). In September he was made head of intelligence for the Irish Republican Army, which now had the task of conducting an armed campaign, as the official army of the Irish nation. With Cathal Brugha as defense minister, was Collins, director of the organization and the Adjutant General of the volunteers.

Collins had spent much of this period to help organize the volunteers as an effective military force, particularly concentrating on driving RIC isolated barracks and seizing their weapons. In the early 20th century, in fact, the main representation of the British state in large parts of rural Munster and Connaught, and with their withdrawal, felt able to establish their own institutions that permanently armed police force Republicans. In turn, but the retreat of RIC drove the British against the more radical and violent reactions: while alienating the already weak support for British rule in the population but also increase the military pressure on the volunteers.

Collins was determined to avoid the massive destruction, military and civilian losses to only symbolic victories that had characterized the 1916 Rising. Instead, he directed a guerilla war against the British, suddenly attacking then just as quickly withdraw minimize losses and maximize efficiency. ^{[30] [31]}

When the war began in earnest, de Valera traveled to the US for a long speaking tour to raise funds for the outlawed republican government. It was in publicity for this tour de Valera (who had been Príomh Aire TD) was first called “President”. Although financially successful, serious political conflict followed in the wake of Valera which threatened unity Irish-American support for the rebels. Some members of the IRB also opposed to the use of the presidential title because their organization Constitution had a different definition of the title. ^{[21] [23] [32]}

Back in Ireland, Collins organized the “National Loan”, organized IRA effectively led government, and managed to arms smuggling. Local guerillas received supplies, education and had virtually a free hand to develop the war in their own region. These were the “flying columns” that constituted the bulk of the war the grass roots in the southwest. Collins, Dick McKee and regional commander Dan Breen and Tom Barry supervised tactics and general strategi.Det were also regional organizers, such as Ernie O’Malley and Liam matures, who reported directly to Collins at St Ita’s secret basement GHQ in central Dublin. ^{[ 33]} They were supported by a large intelligence network of men and women in all walks of life that reached deep into the British administration in Ireland. ^{[34] [35]}

Collins inspects a soldier.

It was at this time that Collins created a special unit called the murder squad specifically to kill British agents and informers. Collins criticized this tactic, but refers to the universal wartime practice performing enemy spies who were, in his words, “hunting victims of execution.” Campaign for Irish independence, even non-violence, is still directed both prosecution under British law is punishable by death and also of extrajudicial killings such as that of Tomas MacCurtain, nationalist Mayor of Cork city.

In 1920, the British offered a reward of £ 10,000 (equivalent to GB £ 300,000 / € 360,000 in 2010) for information leading to the capture or death of Collins.He and the national forces continued to avoid capture and implemented blow to British forces, often operating safe house near government buildings, as Vaughan’s and a city.

The crown responded with escalation of the war, with the import of special forces, such as the “Utilities”, the “Black and Tans”, the “Cairo Gang” and others. Officially or unofficially, many of these groups had a free hand to impose a reign of terror, shooting Irish people indiscriminately, invading homes, looting and burning. ^{[21] [36]}

In 1920, after the Westminster prominent messages that had the Irish rebels on the run, Collins and his squad killed several British secret agents in a series of coordinated raids. In retaliation, members of the Royal Irish Constabulary went to Croke Park, where a GAA football match took place between Dublin and Tipperary. The police opened fire on the crowd and as a result, killed twelve and injured sixty. This event became known as Bloody Sunday. A stampede of panicked British agents sought shelter in Dublin Castle the next day. About the same time Tom Barry 3rd Cork Brigade no prisoners in a bitter struggle with the British forces in Kilmichael. In many regions, the RIC and other crown forces were all but limited to the strongest barracks in the larger cities of the countryside was increasing insurgent control. ^{[37] [38]}

These Republican victories would have been impossible without the broad support of the Irish population, which included all levels of society, reaching deep into the British administration in Ireland. This pattern of guerrilla success against sophisticated imperialist powers would be repeated around the world in the early 20th century. ^[39]

At the time of the ceasefire in July 1921 a major operation was allegedly planning to carry out all the British secret agent in Dublin, while a larger ambush covers eighty officers and men were also scheduled to Templeglantine, County Limerick. ^{[21] [40]}

The peace

In 1921, General Macready, commander of the British forces in Ireland, reported to his government that the Empire’s only hope to keep Ireland the laws of war, including the withdrawal of “all normal life”. ^[41]

Political considerations about Westminster global foreign policy ruled out this option: Irish-American public opinion was important that US support for British agendas in Asia. At home, had Britain’s efforts on a military solution already given rise to a powerful peace movement, demanded an end to the slaughter in Ireland. Prominent voices calling for negotiations included Labour, the London Times and other leading journals, members of the upper house, the English Catholics, and famous writers such as George Bernard Shaw. ^{[42] [43]}

Yet it was not the British government began negotiations. Individual English activists, including clerics, made private overtures that reached Arthur Griffith. Griffith expressed his welcome for dialogue. The British MP Brigadier Cockerill sent an open letter to Prime Minister Lloyd George, which was printed in the Times describes how a peace conference with the Irish should be organized. The Pope made an urgent public appeal for negotiating an end to the violence. Whether Lloyd George welcomed such advisers, he could no longer hold out against the tide. ^[21]

In July, Lloyd George government offered a ceasefire. Arrangements were made for a conference between the British Government and the leaders of the yet-unknown Republic.

There is still considerable disagreement about the two sides’ ability to have engaged in conflict for much longer. Collins said Hamar Greenwood after the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty: “You had us dead tired, we could not have lasted another three weeks when we were told by the offer of a ceasefire, we were surprised, we thought you must have gone mad …”. ^{[44 ]} But he said for the record that “there will be no compromise and no negotiations with any British government until Ireland is recognized as an independent republic.the same bet that would get us the Dominion Lands makes us a republic. ” ^[45]at no time had the Dáil or IRA asked for a conference or a truce. ^[46]

Dáil as a whole was less uncompromising. It decided to move on to a peace conference, but was found in the initial stages as a completely independent republic would not be on the table and that the loss of some northeastern counties were granted. ^[47]

Many of the rebel forces on the ground first heard about peace when it was announced in the newspapers and this gave rise to the first cracks in the nationalist entity, which would have serious consequences later. They felt that they had not been included in the consultation on its terms. ^{[48] [49]}

De Valera was widely recognized as the most skillful negotiator at Dáil government side and he participated in the initial parlays, agreed basis for the talks could begin. The first meetings were held in strict secrecy shortly after the Customs House battle, with Andrew Cope represents the Dublin Castle British authorities. Later they traveled Valera to London for the first official contact with Lloyd George. The two met one-on-one in a private meeting, work has never been revealed. ^{[21] [50]}

During this peace period, de Valera sued for official designation as President of the Irish Republic and received from the Dáil in August 1921. ^[51] Not long after the government was forced to choose the delegation would travel to London Peace Conference and negotiate an agreement . In an extraordinary departure from his usual role, de Valera adamantly declined to participate, insisting instead that Collins would take his place there, along with Arthur Griffith. ^{[52] [53]}

Collins steadfastly resisted this appointment, protesting that he was “a soldier, not a politician” and that his exposure to the London authorities would reduce its effectiveness as a guerrilla leader should hostilities resume.(He had kept his public visibility to a minimum during the war, up to this time the British were still very few reliable photographs of him.) ^[54]

Cabinet seven split on the issue, with de Valera casting the deciding vote.Many of Collins associates warned him not to go, that he was being set up as a political scapegoat. After intense soul-searching and all night consultations with his most trusted advisers, he decided to participate “in the spirit of a soldier obeying orders.” In private correspondence he foresaw the disaster ahead: “Let them make a scapegoat or whatever they want about me Someone must go..”

Anglo-Irish Treaty

Collins London as delegate to the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations.

The Irish delegates to London where, when de Valera’s insistence, designated as “authorized”, meaning that they had the right to sign an agreement on behalf of Dáil government. The Treaty would then be subject to approval by a vote of the whole Dáil.

The majority of the Irish Treaty delegates, including Arthur Griffith (leader), Robert Barton and Eamonn Duggan (with Robert Erskine Childers as Secretary General of the Delegation) set up headquarters at 22 His place in Knightsbridge October 11, 1921 and resided there until the conclusion of the negotiations in December . Collins shared fourth at 15 Cadogan Gardens with the delegation publicity department, secretary Diarmuid O’Hegarty, Joseph McGrath, as well as significant intelligence and bodyguard personnel including Liam Tobin, Tom Cullen, Ned Broy, Emmet Dalton and Joseph Dolan of the squad. ^[55]

The British side was represented by PM Lloyd George, Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill and FE Smith, among others. Two months of hard quarrel followed. The Irish delegation made frequent crossings back to Dublin to make progress reports and discuss with their colleagues Dail. But Collins, in his correspondence and subsequent Dáil debates, delegates expressed frustration at not being able to get clear instructions on whether they should accept the terms offered and sign the treaty. ^{[21] [56]}

In November, the London peace talks still underway, Collins attended a large meeting of regional IRA commander on Parnell Place in Dublin. In a private meeting, he informed Liam Deasy, Florence O’Donoghue and Liam Lynch that “there must be no compromise in the ongoing negotiations in London.There was no question of our getting all the demands we made. “He was designed by Lynch does not take this in the full assembly. After a review of recent events, Deasy later doubted the wisdom of that advice. ^[57]

The negotiations eventually led to the Anglo-Irish Agreement signed on 6 December 1921. The agreement provides for a Dominion status “Irish Free State” whose relationship with the Commonwealth would be modeled after Canada. This was a compromise, midway between an independent republic and a province of the empire.

The deal essentially emptied the Treaty of Limerick in 1688 and repealed the Act of Union by recognizing the native Irish regulator’s independence.During a bicameral executive authority would remain with the king but exercised by an Irish government elected by Dáil Éireann as a “lower house”.British forces would depart Free State right away and replaced by an Irish army. Together with an independent judiciary Treaty granted a level of internal independence that far exceeded any of Greenland, which had been sought by Charles Stewart Parnell and his Irish parliamentary party successor, John Redmond and John Dillon.

It was agreed that counties with a large union population, concentrated in a relatively small area in eastern Ulster, would have a chance to opt out of the Free State and remain under the crown. An Irish Boundary Commission was set up to draw a line (which eventually came to include a six county region.) Inclusion in the Free State would be subject to a vote of the majority population in each county. Collins waited more than four counties would join the northeastern statelet, which makes it economically un-viable, and that this would facilitate the reunification of all 32 counties in the foreseeable future. ^[58]

Although it fell short of the republic that he’d struggled to create noted Collins to the Treaty offered Ireland “freedom to achieve freedom.” It offered mainly a chance to take the gun from Irish politics and to seek more independence through a native government and legislature Township. ^[59] Yet he knew parts of the Treaty would cause controversy in Ireland. By signing the Treaty, Birkenhead remarked, “I may have signed my political death warrant tonight.” Collins replied, “I may have signed my actual death sentence”. ^[40]

Treaty debates

This remark encapsulated his recognition that the treaty was a compromise that would be vulnerable to accusations of “sell-out” from the purist Republicans. It did not identify fully independent republic that Collins himself had shortly before called as a non-negotiable condition. The “physical force Republicans” who constituted the bulk of the army who had fought the British to a draw would be reluctant to accept dominion status within the British Empire, or an oath of allegiance to the king mentioned.Also controversial was the British retention of Treaty Ports on the south coast of Ireland for the Royal Navy. These factors reduced Irish sovereignty and threatened to let the British involvement in Ireland’s foreign policy.

Collins and Griffith were well aware of these issues and strove tenaciously against British resistance, to achieve language that is acceptable to all constituents. They managed to get an oath to the Irish Free State, with a subsidiary oath of allegiance to the king, rather than to the king unilaterally.

It is now widely believed that had the nationalist leadership united behind the Treaty, there would have been no split in the army who shed civil war.But immediately the delegation’s return from London, de Valera led a loud indictment of the delegates, which he called “traitors”.

This is despite the fact that de Valera, the Nationalists’ most suitable negotiator, who had refused exhausting grounds of Collins, Griffith and others to lead the London negotiations in person, had been fully informed of the process every step. He had also refused Delegates constant requests for instruction, and in fact had been the focus of the initial decision to start negotiations without the possibility of an independent republic on the table.^{[21] [60]}

However, there is still a school of thought that believes the Valera protests have been reasonable and motivated by deep moral objections and that looks Collins in a negative light, have irresponsibly signed away the nation’s interests because of incompetence or a self-serving agenda. The controversy Treaty share the entire nationalist movement. Sinn Féin, the Dáil, the IRB and the army split into pro- and anti-Treaty factions. Supreme Council of the IRB had been informed in detail about every aspect of the negotiations on the Treaty and had approved many of its provisions, and they voted unanimously to approve the treaty only notable exception of Liam Lynch, later the COS of the anti-Treaty IRA. ^[61]

Dáil debated the Treaty bitterly for ten days until it was approved by a vote of 64 to 57. ^[62] After losing the vote, de Valera announced its intention to withdraw its participation from the Dáil and urged all deputies who had voted against the Treaty follow him. A large number made it official sharing government. This set the stage for civil war.

A large part of the Irish Republican Army opposed the Treaty. Some followed the political leadership of the anti-Treaty TDs, others were acting on their own beliefs, with more or less equal suspicion of politicians in general. Anti-Treaty IRA units began to seize the building and take other guerrilla actions against the Provisional Government. On April 14, 1922 a group of 200 anti-Treaty IRA men occupied the Four Courts in Dublin according to Rory O’Connor, a hero of the Revolutionary War. The four courts was the center of the Irish court system, originally under the British and then the Free State.Collins is charged by his Free State colleagues to put down the rebels, however, he resisted firing on former comrades and averted a shooting war during this period. ^{[63] [64]}

While the country was on the edge of civil war, have regular meetings are conducted among the different factions from January to June 1922. In these discussions nationalists strove to solve the problem without armed conflict.Collins and his close associates, TD Harry Boland was among those who worked desperately to heal the rift. ^{[21] [65]}

To promote the military unit, Collins and IRB established an “army reunification committee”, including delegates from pro- and anti-Treaty factions. The still secret Irish Republican Brotherhood continued to meet, to promote dialogue between the pro- and anti-Treaty IRA officers. The IRB’s stormy debates on the subject, Collins held out the constitution of the new Free State as a possible solution. Collins then in the process of co-writing this document, and strive to make it a republican constitution contained provisions that would allow the anti-Treaty TD to take their places in good conscience, with no oath of the Crown. ^[66]

Northern Ireland

After the treaty was signed loyalist conservative combined to bring a violent campaign against the Irish nationalist revolt in northeastern counties comprising Northern Ireland. The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) was created at this time, along with the infamous “Specials”: a. Power amateurs and retired soldiers, as some have claimed was given free rein to terrorize and kill Catholics ^{[67] [68]}

In Northern Ireland, there were constant violations of the ceasefire by “unauthorized loyalist paramilitaries”. The predominantly Protestant, unionists government in Northern Ireland support policies which discriminated against Catholics, which, together with violence against Catholics, led many to suggest the presence of an agenda with an Anglo-dominance to push the domestic Irish descent from the northeast county. ^{[21] [69]}

While London stepping up pressure on the provisional government to take aggressive military action against anti-Treaty units in the south.

In March, Collins, Sir James Craig, the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, in London. They signed an agreement declaring peace in the north that promised cooperation between Catholics and Protestants in the police and security, a generous budget to restore Catholics to homes that had been destroyed, and many other measures. ^[70]

The day after the agreement was announced, violence erupted again. A police officer was shot dead in Belfast and in retaliation, the police in Catholic homes nearby and residents shot in their beds, including children.There was no response to Collins demands for an investigation. He and his cabinet warned that they would consider the contract broken Craig acted. ^[71]

In its constant correspondence with Churchill over violence in the north, Collins protested repeatedly that such breaches of the peace threatened to annul the Treaty of all. ^[72] The prospect of an extension of the war with England was imminent. The outlook was real enough to June 3, 1922 Churchill presented to the Committee of Imperial Defence plans “to protect Ulster from the invasion of the South”. ^[73]

Throughout the first months of 1922, Collins has been sending IRA units to the border and sending arms and money to the northern units IRA. Collins went with other IRB and IRA leadership to develop secret plans to launch a clandestine guerrilla war in the northeast. Some British arms had been handed over to the interim government in Dublin was presented by Collins to IRA units in the north. In May-June 1922 Collins and the IRA Chief of Staff Liam Lynch organized an offensive, including both pro- and anti-Treaty IRA units along the border area. Because of this, most northern IRA units supported Collins and 524 individual volunteers came south to join the national army in the Irish Civil War.

Collins, supported by Griffith and Government, held up a “three-step strategy for public, political and military pressure” relating to northern abuse. ^[21]Negotiations with the London and Belfast governments continued with many promises and broken along the lines of the March 1922 agreement.Within a few days after a public commitment from Dublin not to send troops to the northeast, Churchill sent 1000 British soldiers in a village called Pettigo that straddled the border between the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland. The troops shelled the village and shot at Free State soldiers and killed three. On June 5, a group of B-Specials sprayed Mater Hospital in Belfast with machine gun fire. Collins demands a full, joint investigation was flatly refused by Churchill. ^[74]

Amidst all this, the civil war in the south erupted and put Collins plans for northern parked. He was killed before he was able to pursue them further.

provisional Government

Michael Collins turns to an audience iCork on Saint Patrick’s Day, 1922nd

De Valera resigned the presidency and sought re-election but Arthur Griffith replaced him after a close vote on January 9, 1922. Griffith chose as his title “President of Dáil Éireann” (rather than “president” as de Valera had favored.)^[75]

Dáil government still had no legal status in British constitutional law. The provisions of the Treaty requires the formation of a new government that would be recognized by Westminster related to Free State dominion which had been introduced by the Treaty.

Despite the resignation of a large part of the Dáil, the Provisional Government (Rialtas Sealadach na hÉireann) was the new Free State formed with Arthur Griffith as President of Dáil and Michael Collins, chairman of the interim government cabinet (effectively the prime minister). Collins also retained its position as finance minister. ^[76]

In the British legal theory Collins was now a dime appointed Prime Minister of the Commonwealth government, installed under the royal prerogative. To be installed, he had to formally meet the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Viscount FitzAlan head of the British administration in Ireland. The Republican view of the meeting is that Collins met FitzAlan to accept the surrender of Dublin Castle, the official seat of the British government in Ireland. After having surrendered, FitzAlan still in place as viceroy until December 1922.

The Provisional Government’s first duty was to create a constitution for the Free State. This was done by Collins and a team of lawyers. The result of their work was the Irish Constitution in 1922. ^[77] Although revised in 1930, the current Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann ^[78] ) is roughly Collins work.

Collins drew up a republican constitution, but reject the Treaty would include nothing about the British king. His goal was that the Constitution would make it possible to participate in the Dáil by aberrant TDs who opposed the Treaty and refused to take any oath mention the crown.

The Treaty was the Free State is obliged to present its new constitution Westminster for approval. In doing so, in June 1922, Collins and Griffith found Lloyd George decided to veto the provisions that they had fashioned to prevent civil war. ^[79]

These meetings with Lloyd George and Churchill was bitterly disputed.Collins, albeit less diplomatic than Griffith, de Valera had no less penetrating understanding of policy issues. He complained that he was being manipulated to “make Churchill’s dirty work” of a potential civil war with their own former soldiers. ^{[80] [81]}

Val pact

Negotiations to prevent civil war resulted, inter alia, “The Army Documents” published in May 1922, signed by an equal number of pro- and anti-Treaty IRA officers including Collins, Dan Breen and Gearóid O’Sullivan. This manifesto declared that “closing of ranks around is necessary” to prevent “the greatest disaster in Irish history.” It called for new elections, to be followed by the reunion of the government and the army, whatever the outcome.

In this spirit and with the organizing efforts of the moderates on both sides Collins-de Valera “pact” was created. This pact agreed to new elections to Dáil would be held with each candidate running as expressly pro- or anti-Treaty and that, regardless of which side obtained a majority the two factions would join to form a coalition government of national unity.

A referendum on the Treaty also planned but it never took place. Valentina Pact on June 16, 1922 therefore includes the best quantitative data on the Irish public in direct response to the Treaty. The results were the pro-Treaty 58 seats, the anti-Treaty 35, the Labour Party 17, independent 7, Farmers Party 7, plus 4 active from Trinity College. ^[82]

The assassination of Sir Henry Wilson

Six days after the election of the Pact, Sir Henry Wilson was murdered June 22, 1922 in broad daylight on the stairs in his London home of a couple of London IRA men. A British army field marshal, Wilson had recently resigned his commission and been an MP for Northern Ireland. He had a long history as one of the top British leaders oppose Collins in the Irish conflict. At the time, Wilson had served as military adviser to the Northern Ireland government led avJames Craig, in which role he was considered responsible for the B Specials and other sources of loyalist violence in the north.

The order to shoot Wilson has been attributed to Irish leaders including Collins and Rory O’Connor, but with questionable authority. Although undoubtedly killed by two IRA men-who were captured and confessed-no one has ever taken responsibility for ordering the shooting. While Wilson had really been a potential target for Collins’ Squad “during the war of independence, all outstanding orders had summarily canceled when these forces stood down at the peace. O’Connor explicitly denied any involvement, as did the IRB on behalf of Collins and Arthur Griffith on behalf of the Provisional Government. No direct explanation seems to have been made on the subject by Collins during the two months he survived Wilson.

The debate on Collins commitment continued in the 1950s, when a number of statements and rebuttals on the subject were published in journals. These can be printed with the addition of Rex Taylor’s 1961 book, assassination, death, Sir Henry Wilson and tragedy in Ireland . The participants in the discussion was Joe Dolan, Florence O’Donoghue, Denis P. Kelleher, Patrick O’Sullivan and others. ^{[83] [84]}

civil War

Main article: Irish Civil War

Michael Collins gave the order to bomb the four courts with artillery shells in an attempt to remove Anti-treaty IRA. This would be the beginning of denirländska Civil War.

Death Sir Henry Wilson caused a furor in London. Powerful conservative voices who opposed any deal with the Irish rebels drowned out the moderates, with calls for a violent reaction. Under this pressure, Churchill issued an ultimatum demanding that the interim government quit the anti-Treaty occupation of the Four Courts or before a full-scale military invasion.^[85]

A few days later, the anti-Treaty IRA men kidnapped JJ “Ginger” O’Connell, a Free State general. These two developments led to the Provisional Government June 27, 1922 for serving notice of the Four Courts garrison to surrender the building at night or face military action “at once”. ^[86]

Collins’ position in this conflict was really extraordinary. “A majority might” of the army he led the war was now ranged against the Free State, which he represented. In addition, the force of will of the voters, he had to lead had been reorganized since the peace. Formed by a core of pro-Treaty IRA men, it had evolved into a more formal, structured, uniformed national army that was armed and funded by the UK. Many of the new members were World War I veterans and others who had not fought on the Nationalist side before. It was now ten times greater than the force that had won independence, but populated with former British Army personnel. Collins deeply mixed feelings about this situation is recorded in his private and official correspondence. ^{[87] [88] [88] [89] [90] [91]}

Michael Collins, as Commander-in-Chief of deirländska national forces.

Artillery was submitted to Mulcahy and the Free State Army by the British in anticipation of a siege. Emmet Dalton, a former British officer Irish origin who was now a senior Free State captain and close associate of Collins, was placed in charge of it.

There is no definite record of who gave the order to begin shelling the Four Courts. Historians have simply assumed that it was Collins. There is only anecdotal evidence of how and when the ultimatum was served on the anti-Treaty garrison, if sufficient time were the four Courts men to surrender, or whether the shelling began rash while Garrison was read out his arms to leave the building. Further studies remains at this most critical event of 1922, which actually started the civil war in earnest. ^{[91] [92]}

Fierce fighting broke out in Dublin between the anti-Treaty IRA and the Free State troops. A large part of O’Connell Street suffered severe damage, were Gresham Hotel burned and Four Courts is reduced to a ruin. Still under the direction of Collins, Free State quickly took control of the capital. In July 1922 anti-Treaty forces held much of the southern province of Munster and several other parts of the country. At the height of his success administered the local authorities and the police in large areas. ^[93] Collins, Richard Mulcahy and Eoin O’Duffy decided on a series of seaborne landings in the Republican held areas, which again took Munster and the West in July August.

Also in July, Collins dedicate his title as President of the Provisional Government to become Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. ^[94]There is controversy about this change, especially considering the upcoming events: what, if anything, it said about his relationship with the government;what role, if any, change in government may have played in it; what context had any tragedy that followed. ^{[91] [92]}

Civil War peace initiative

There is much to suggest that Collins trip to Cork in August 1922 was made to meet Republican leaders in order to end the war. ^{[95] [96] [97]} In this case, it would explain a lot that remains mysterious journey .

The question of his participation in peace talks is debated by historians. It has ramifications for opposing political views about him and especially for his death. If this was a peace mission, it was without any record of official interference and sanctions from the Provisional Government Cabinet. But this is not necessarily in harmony with the general character of the peace negotiations in wartime. The first contacts with British negotiators had been “a dead secret,” even from many of his colleagues. ^[98] It was not unknown for Collins to make bold, controversial move at its own initiative. Private and personal correspondence shows that it was less than perfect confidence and friendliness between Collins and some members of the Dáil. There was considerable friction between the ministers of war and the treatment of anti-Treaty fighters. ^[99]

A remarkable number of meetings that included leading figures on both sides took place in Cork on 21 to 22 August 1922. ^[100] In Cork City, hit neutral IRA men Seán Collins O’Hegarty and Florence O’Donoghue in order to contact the anti-Treaty IRA leader Tom Barry and Tom Hales to propose a truce.Lateral anti-Treaty had called a large gathering of officers at Béal na Bláth, a remote crossroads, with the end of the war on the agenda. ^[101]

Michael Collins and Richard Mulcahy påArthur Griffith’s funeral, a few days before Collins own death.

De Valera was there, and his assistant reported that a meeting between him and Collins were planned. People’s Rights Association, a local initiative in Cork City had been mediating a discussion of terms between the interim government and the anti-Treaty side for a few weeks. ^{[21] [102]}

Fred Conditions were described in Collins correspondence and diary.Republicans would have to “accept the people’s verdict” on the Treaty but may then “go home without their weapons. We do not ask any surrender of their principles. “This suggests that Collins favored a policy of amnesty, without penalties. It is alleged that the anti-Treaty veterans of the Revolutionary War may be offered a choice to take their place either in the Free State army, the civil service, or even in covert operations against the para-militaries in the north. ^[103]

This is significant given the draconian policies, including execution without trial, sought by the Free State government following the death of Collins and Arthur Griffith within days of each other. The deaths of Collins and Griffith marked the end of the Free State efforts to reunify the victory of the War of Independence strengths through a negotiated settlement. ^[104]

Death

Michael Collins’s body is in the hospital after he was shot to death at Béal na Bláth.

Collins’s death remain a mystery for a number of reasons. The only witnesses were the Free State Army members of his convoy ambushes and anti-Treaty. Since all these, the participants get their accounts not to be objective. No two witness match and many are contradictory. ^[105] There is no complete list of the persons involved and none of the witnesses were ever questioned by authorities. Their accounts have been passed down through newspapers, cinemas, private documents and personal contacts. One version suggests Collins was to meet De Valera and discuss ways to end the conflict. ^{[Citation needed ]}

The rest of this section shows only those facts most generally agree.Although some of these disputed in some sources.

In August 1922 appeared the Civil War to liquidate. Free State had regained control over most of the country and Collins made frequent trips to inspect the areas recently recovered from the anti-Treaty forces. ^[106]

Collins grave, Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin

His plan to travel to his native Cork August 20 was considered particularly dangerous and he steadfastly advised against it by several trusted employees.County Cork was an IRA stronghold, much of it still held by anti-Treaty forces. But he seemed determined to make the journey without delay. He had fended of a number of attempts on his life in the previous weeks and had admitted more than once, in private conversation, that the civil war could end his life at any time. On several occasions, Collins assured his advisors “they will not shoot me in my own county,” or words to that effect.

On August 22, 1922 Collins indicated from Cork City on a meandering tour of West Cork. He passed first through Macroom then took Bandon road via Crooks. This led to Béal na Bláth an isolated crossroads. There ended up at a local pub, now known as The Diamond Bar, ^[107] to ask a question about a man who was standing in the intersection. The man turned out to be an anti-Treaty vaktpost.Han and an associate are recognized Collins in the back of the open car. ^[108]

As a result, it was an ambush through a column anti-Treaty at this time, on the chance that the convoy can come through again on his return. ^[109]

Between 07:30 and 08:00, Collins convoy approached Béal na Bláth for the second time. Since most of the ambush party had dispersed and gone for the day, leaving only five or six men on stage. Two were disarming a mine in the road, while three in a laneway with a view of them as a cover. A dray wagon, located across the street, remained at the far end of the ambush site.

Shot exchanged. Collins, who suffered a head wound, was the only fatality.Almost every detail of what happened in doubt due to conflicting reports from participants and other deficiencies in the record.

A copy of Crossley Tender Collins convoy on the day of his death in a replica of the road where it happened on display at the Michael Collins Centre, Clonakilty ^[110]

Some of the details most contentious among the witnesses are: the shooting started, what kind of fire convoy came under where ambushes “first shots hit where Collins was and what he did when he was hit, if anyone else was hurt, if the armored car’s machine gun were fully functional throughout the procedure, which moved Collins’s body, which was nearby when Collins fell.

Many questions have been raised regarding the handling of Collins remains immediately after his death. Among them are excessively long convoy took to cover the twenty miles back to Cork City, who searched his clothes, and what became of the document, he was known to have carried on his person (as his field diary, which did not appear up until decades later).

The medical evidence is also missing. There is imperfect records about which doctors examined the body; if an autopsy was performed, and if so, by whom; which hospital his body was transferred to, and why; and, most importantly, what was the exact number and nature of their injuries.

Author on the subject such as J. Feehan and SM Sigerson has demanded a full forensic examination of Collins’s remains to try to solve at least some of these controversies about its end. ^{[111] [112]}

Aftermath

Sean Collins behind the coffin of his brother Michael.

Collins’s body was transported by sea from Cork to Dublin. He lay in state for three days in Dublin City Hall where tens of thousands of mourners filed past his coffin to pay their respects, including the many British soldiers departing Ireland who had fought against him. His funeral mass took place at Dublin’s Pro Cathedral where a number of foreign and Irish dignitaries were present.Some 500,000 people attended his funeral, nearly a fifth of the country’s population at the time. ^[21]

No official inquiry ever undertaken in Collins’s death and therefore there is no official version of what happened, nor are there any authoritative, detailed contemporary records. ^[113]

Funeral of Michael Collins in the Pro-Cathedral, Dublin (contemporary newspaper’s depiction of the state funeral)

In this vacuum is independent investigations, and conspiracy theorists put forward a number of suspects have been carried out or ordered his death, including an anti-Treaty sharpshooter, members of his own escort, the British intelligence, or de Valera himself.

De Valera allegedly stated in 1966, “It is my considered opinion that in due course, history will record the greatness of Michael Collins ,. And it will be recorded at my expense ” ^[114]

A number of books have been devoted entirely to the study of Collins’s death (in chronological order): The day Michael was shot by Meda Ryan, shooting of Michael Collins: Murder or accident by John M. Feehan, the dark secret of Béal na Bláth by Patrick Twohig and murder of Michael Collins: What happened at Béal na Bláth? SM Sigerson.

Personal life

Collins on his bike.

Collins elderly father inspired his love and respect for older people. His mother, who had spent his youth to take care of their own invalid mother and raise their own brothers and sisters, was a strong influence. The entire management of the Collins estate fell to her that her husband succumbed to old age and died. In a society that honored hospitality prime virtue, Mrs. Collins was eulogized as “a hostess in ten thousand.” Her five daughters avowedly doted on his youngest brother. ^{[9] [21]}

Collins home the spirit of self-sacrifice, welcome and inclusion later turned the key in its ability to unite people of all genders and walks of life and orchestrate them in an effective, enthusiastic, cooperative force for Irish self-determination. ^[115] Collins revolution was also a family affair. He continued to work in close collaboration with his brothers throughout the struggle for independence and cousins Nancy O’Brien, one of his most important mole in the British administration. ^[21]

He was very much a “man’s man”, fond of rough housing and outdoor sports.After winning a local wrestling championship, while a boy, he is said to have made a pastime to challenge larger, older opponents, with frequent success.A very fit, active man throughout life, in the most stressful times, he continued to enjoy wrestling as a form of relaxation and valued friendship that provided opportunities to share athletic pursuits. ^[21]

Intense hard working, Collins could be abrasive, demanding and sometimes inconsiderate of those around him. But he often apologized for his own temperament, with gestures such as confectionery and other small gifts, sometimes delivered with great personal risk in Dublin wartime environment. ^{[116] [117]}

Unlike some of his political opponents, he is characterized by many close personal friends in the movement. It has been rightly said that while some were devoted to “the idea of Ireland”, Collins was a person whose patriotism was rooted in the love and respect of the people of Ireland around him.Among his famous last words, the last entry in his pocket diary, written in the trip that ended his life, “The people are brilliant.” ^{[118] [119] [120]}

His personal warmth and charm combined with an uncanny ability to create confidence in a wide range of people. No other Irish leaders of the time, matched his remarkable ability to recruit people of all kinds to movement, gaining their trust and loyalty, refining capacity and unite them in a coordinated effort which was the maximum value to the cause. ^[121]

Collins was a complex man whose character abounded in contradictions.The Minister of Finance and the auditor before the war occupation, he seems never to have exercised personal gain; indeed sometimes during the war all but hemlösa.Medan clearly fond of command and keen to take responsibility, he had a similar appetite for input and advice from people at all levels of the organization, which led to the comment that “he took advice from his driver . ” ^[122] Although acknowledged by friends and foes as” head center “of the movement, he chose constantly a title only briefly actual head of state; becomes president of the provisional government after the resignation of half the Dáil forced him to do it. While his official and personal correspondence register their anxious care for the wishes of the rebels in need, during the war, he showed no hesitation to order the death of opponents who threatened nationalist life. ^[123]

Surely a man of fierce pride, his pride is tempered by a sense of humor that included a strong sense of the absurdity of their situation. ^[124] Although the mastermind behind a secret military, he remained a public figure. When the official head of the Free State government, he continued to work in the IRA’s secret operations. He could bold, decisive action on its own initiative, which caused friction with his colleagues, his falling out with Cathal Brugha, for example; but at critical times, he may also bow to the majority who were deeply disadvantageous and dangerous to their interests (such as his appointment to the Treaty negotiating team.)

These can be contradictions in his character. But they are also contradictions unique position he held, in a time of social unrest, when the usual parameters and paradigms of society is in a state of change.

Relationships with women

Kitty Kiernan

Formative role of many strong, competent, loving women around him until a man who deeply respected women and thrived on the female companion of all ages. It is also manifested in sensitive, nurturing care to those he was responsible for. His appointment as aide-de-camp to the 1916 Rising organizer Joseph Plunkett, whose chronic health problems was a challenge to his presence at the GPO HQ, is a sign of these properties. Both his official correspondence, and countless personal memoirs record empathy and sensitivity in his personal account of the needs and hardships volunteers and their families. ^[21]

Collins lifetime coincides exactly with a period of aggressive, mass agitation for women’s rights. The women’s suffrage movement in Ireland was often closely associated with the campaign for Irish independence. Many proponents belonged to both camps. Full suffrage for women was enshrined in the 1916 notice, the legal foundation documents of the Republic of Ireland. This was the political climate Collins grew up and flourished. But he remained one of the few speakers of the time used the language gender inclusive in their speech and explicitly recognized women’s contributions and problems on a regular basis there. ^{[125] [126]}

Collins pioneer in the independence movement, Charles Stewart Parnell, was defeated by a sexual scandal. Collins detractors have sometimes tried to raise similar issues. He is reported to have sowed some wild oats during his teenage career in London ^[127] (albeit while living under the roof of an older sister) but no scandal about his sexual life has ever been substantiated.

Collins intimate relationship seems to have been no less healthy, powerful and well executed than other aspects of his life. His relationships with women were affectionate and gave no evidence either inexperience, excess or aberration. ^{[128] [129]}

At the same time, he said that never have been without female companionship. He carried on relationships and written correspondence with a number of women like Susan Killeen and “Dilly” Dicker, who also worked with him in positions of great trust in the struggle for independence.Their correspondence shows that they remained on friendly terms until the end of his life.

In 1921-1922, he became engaged to Kitty Kiernan and made plans for a normal family life after the war. 241 letters in their extensive correspondence survive. These are an important record not only of their intimacy, but also of his daily life. ^[130]

The letters detail his exhausting schedule during simultaneous national crisis and also document the challenges facing the couple to find time together under the circumstances. That way they do it is quite doubtful that he could have also paid great attention to additional links. Allegations of the deal (s) with English society women at the same time are unfounded, and filled with suspected political connotations. The related Hazel Lavery derives mainly to the lady herself, and not supported by evidence. ^[131]

Commemoration

Memorial cross at Béal na Bláth.

An annual memorial ceremony takes place every year in August at the ambush site at Béal na Bláth, County Cork, organized by Béal na Bláth brandsorted Committee. In 2009, former President of Ireland, Mary Robinson gave the oration. In 2010, Finance Minister Brian Lenihan, Jnr became the first Fianna Fáil person to give the oration. 2012 on the 90th anniversary of the death of Collins, the Prime Minister Enda Kenny gave the oration, the first serving head of government to do so.

There is also a memorial ceremony in Glasnevin cemetery at Collins’s grave on the anniversary of his death.

The Irish central bank released the gold and silver commemorative coins August 15, 2012, which is a portrait of Michael Collins designed by Thomas Ryan, based on a photograph taken not long before his death. ^[132]

Legacy

Love Ireland by John Lavery.

Collins bequeathed to posterity the subject of extensive writing: essays, speeches and writings, articles and official documents in which he skisse plans for Ireland’s economic and cultural revival, and an extensive correspondence, both public and personal. Elections have been published inThe Road to Freedom (Mercier, 1968) and Michael Collins in his own words(Gill & Macmillan, 1997). In the 1960s, Prime Minister Seán Lemass, himself a veteran of the 1916 Rising and the war, the credit Collins ideas that form the basis for his success in revitalizing the Irish economy.

societies

Collins 22 Society was founded in 2002 is an international organization to keep the name and legacy of Michael Collins in living memory. Patron of the Society is Ireland’s former Justice Minister Nora Owen and TD, grand-niece of Michael Collins.

In popular culture

Movies

Bust of Michael Collins at Merrion Square Park, Dublin, Ireland.

1936 The film beloved enemy is a fictional account of Collins lives. Unlike the real Michael Collins, the fictional “Dennis Riordan” (played by Brian Aherne) is shot, but recovers. Hang Up Your Brightest Colours , a British documentary by Kenneth Griffith, made for ITV in 1973, but refused transmission. It was finally screened by the BBC in Wales in 1993 and the UK the following year.

1969, Dominic Behan wrote an episode of the British TV series Play today entitled “Michael Collins. The play dealt Collins attempt to take the gun out of Irish politics and took the perspective Republican arguments. At the time of writing the script, the troubles had just begun in Northern Ireland and BBC were reluctant to broadcast production. An appeal by the author of David Attenborough (head of programming for the BBC at the time) resulted in the play finally sent; Attenborough considered the requirements of freedom of expression can not be compromised in the cause of political considerations.

An Irish documentary made by Colm Connolly for RTÉ Television in 1989 called The Shadow of Béal na Bláth covered Collins dead. A made for TV movie, The Treaty , was produced in 1991 and played Brendan Gleeson as Collins and Ian Bannen as David Lloyd George. In 2007 RTÉ produced a documentary titled Get Collins , intelligence war that took place in Dublin.^{[133] [134]}

Collins was the subject of director Neil Jordan’s 1996 film Michael Collinswith Liam Neeson in the title role. Collins great-GRANDNEPHEW, Aengus O’Malley, played a student in a scene filmed in Marsh library.

In 2005 Cork Opera House commissioned a musical drama about Collins. ^[135]“Michael Collins” by Brian Flynn had a successful run in 2009, Cork Opera House and later at the Olympia Theatre in Dublin.

Infamous assassinations , a 2007 British documentary television series, devoted his third episode of the death of Collins.

songs

Wax figure of Michael Collins at the National Wax Museum Plus, Dublin, Ireland.

Irish-American folk rock band Black 47 recorded a song titled “The Big Fellah” which was the first track on their 1994 album Home of the Brave . The details Collins’s career, from the Easter Rising to his death at Béal na Bláth.Irish folk band the Wolfe Tones recorded a song titled “Michael Collins” Collins life and death, even if it starts when he was about 16 and took a job in London. Celtic metal band Cruachan recorded a song also titled “Michael Collins” on their 2004 album Pagan dealt with his role in the Civil War, the Treaty and his eventual death. Also a song by Johnny McEvoy, simply named “Michael”, depicts Collins’s death and sadness surrounding his funeral.

The poem “laughing boy” by Brendan Behan lamenting the death of Collins was translated into Greek in 1961 by Vasilis Rotas. In October the same year, Mikis Theodorakis composed the song “To γελαστό παιδί” ( “The Laughing Boy”) by Rota’s “translation. The song was recorded by Maria Farantouri 1966 album “Ένας όμηρος” ( “The hostage”) and became an instant success. It was the soundtrack to the film Z (1969). “Laughing Boy” became the song of protest against the dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974) and is so far one of the most popular songs in the Greek popular culture.

Play

Mary Kenny wrote a play Allegiance , a meeting between Winston Churchill and Michael Collins. The play was adapted for the stage in 2006 for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe with Mel Smith plays Winston Churchill and Michael Fassbender, a very large GRANDNEPHEW by Michael Collins, Michael Collins plays. ^{[136] [137]}

Game

Collins appears as president and dictator of Ireland in the alternate history game modification “Kaiserreich: Legacy of Weltrieg” for Darkest Hour: A Hearts of Iron Game .

See also

• F. Digby Hardy
• Families in the Oireachtas
• List of members of the Oireachtas imprisoned during the Irish revolutionary period
• List of people on stamps of Ireland

References

1. ^ Jump up to: ^ab “Michael Collins”. Oireachtas members Database.Hämtad1 June 2009.
2. Jump up ^ “Evidence of an Irish politicians scruples on expenses … 1922” .The Irish Times. 8 November 2010. Archived from the original 14 November 2010.
3. Jump up ^ Michael Collins: A Life , p.18, Mainstream Publishing (10 March 1997), ISBN 978-1851589494, [1]
4. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Coogan, TP “Michael Collins” London; Arrow Books, 1991
5. Jump up ^ “July 17, 1815 – Baptism of Father Michael Collins” (PDF).The church books on Irish Genealogy Site. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
6. Jump up ^ “August 3, 1852 – Baptism of Michael Collins mother” (PDF) .Kyrkböcker on Irish Genealogy Site. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
7. Jump up ^ “February 26, 1876 – Marriage of Michael Collins parents” (PDF) .Kyrkböcker on Irish Genealogy Site. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
8. Jump up ^http://www.communigate.co.uk/ne/slaggyisland/page10.phtml
9. ^ Jump up to: ^ab memoires by Mary Collins-Powell and Sister Celestine (Helena Collins)
10. Jump up ^ Michael Collins, personal correspondence October 1916
11. Jump up ^ memoires by Mary Collins-Powell and Sister Celestine (Helena Collins); family correspondence, cousin Michael O’Brien in 1922
12. Jump up ^ West Cork People issue August 22, 2002 p. 3
13. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Exploring Irish leaders youthful past – from the BBC
14. Jump up ^ British Postal service Books, 1737-1969 Michael J Collins
15. Jump up ^ Kings College London list of notable alumni
16. Jump up ^ Mackay, James. Michael Collins: A Life . p. 38
17. Jump up ^ Stewart, Anthony Terence Quincey. Michael Collins: The Secret File . p. 8
18. Jump up ^ P46 James Alexander Mackay Michael Collins: A LifeMainstream Publishing, 1996
19. Jump up ^ Clarke, Kathleen, “Kathleen Clarke: Revolutionary Woman” Dublin: O’Brien Press Ltd. 2008
20. Jump up ^ Nancy O’Brien, cousin Michael Collins, quoted in Forester, Margery “The Lost Leader” London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1971
21. ^ Jump up to: ^{abcdefghijklmnopqrs} Coogan, TP “Michael Collins” in 1990
22. Jump up ^ Teiliflís Gaeltachta / Radio Éireann Teiliflía “An gCoilaiste Réabhloid” 2010
23. ^ Jump up to: ^abc Feeney, Brian “Sinn Fein: a hundred turbulent years” Dublin; O’Brien Press Ltd., 2002
24. Jump up ^ “Michael Collins”. ElectionsIreland.org. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
25. Jump up ^ Mackay, p. 116
26. Jump up ^ [2] Collins 22 Society Page on “The National Loan 1920”
27. Jump up ^ [3] O’Connor, Batt “With Michael Collins in the fight for Irish independence” 2nd ed, Millstreet. Aubane Historical Society. (S87)
28. Jump up ^ Breen, Dan “My struggle for Irish freedom” Dublin, Talbot Press 1924
29. Jump up ^ Sigerson, SM “The assassination of Michael Collins 😕 What happened at Béal na Bláth “Kindle Direct Publishing 2013
30. Jump up ^ Michael Collins, personal correspondence 1916-1917
31. Jump up ^ Barry, Tom “Guerrilla Days in Ireland” Dublin, Irish Press 1949
32. Jump up ^ Clarke, Kathleen “Kathleen Clarke: Revolutionary Woman” Dublin O’Brien Press Ltd. 2008
33. Jump up ^ E O’Malley, “On another man’s wounds” (Dublin 1937)
34. Jump up ^ Barry, Tom “Guerrilla Days in Ireland” Dublin, Irish Press 1949
35. Jump up ^ O’Donoghue, Florence and Josephine “Florence and Josephine O’Donoghue’s War of Independence” Dublin, Irish Academic Press, 2006
36. Jump up ^ Clarke, Kathleen “Kathleen Clarke: Revolutionary Woman” O’Brien Press 2008
37. Jump up ^ Barry, Tom “Guerrilla Days in Ireland” Dublin, Irish Press 1949
38. Jump up ^ Neligan, David “The Spy in the castle” London, Prendeville Publishing 1999
39. Jump up ^ Deasy, Liam “Brother against brother” Cork, Mercier 1982
40. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Page at generalmichaelcollins.com
41. Jump up ^ Wilson Diaries, Vol II, p 293
42. Jump up ^ Cabinet Office, (Westminster Government) London
43. Jump up ^ British Cabinet minutes, 1921
44. Jump up ^ LS Amery, my political life. Volume Two: War and Peace 1914-1929 (London: Hutchinson, 1953), p. 230.
45. Jump up ^ Michael Collins, quoted by columnist CW Ackerman August 1920
46. Jump up ^ Deasy, Liam “Brother to Brother”
47. Jump up ^ Phoenix, Eamonn “Michael Collins – North Question 1916-1922” in “Michael Collins and The Making of the Irish State” (Doherty & Keogh, editors)
48. Jump up ^ Deasy, Liam “Brother to Brother”
49. Jump up ^ O’Donoghue, Florence “any other Act” Dublin, Irish Press 1954
50. Jump up ^ Neligan, David “The Spy in the castle” London, Prendeville Publishing 1999
51. Jump up ^ Coogan, Tim Pat. IRA: A History , p. 76
52. Jump up ^ British cabinet minutes, memoranda
53. Jump up ^ De Valera, Eamonn, equivalent to Michael Collins, 13 July 1921
54. Jump up ^ O’Connor, Batt “With Michael Collins in the fight for Irish independence” in 1929
55. Jump up ^ Mackay, p. 217
56. Jump up ^ O’Broin, Leon “Michael Collins”
57. Jump up ^ Deasy, Liam “Brother to Brother”
58. Jump up ^ Phoenix, Eamonn “Michael Collins – North Question 1916-1922”, in “Michael Collins and The Making of the Irish State” (Doherty & Keogh, editors)
59. Jump up ^ Collins, Michael “Road to Freedom” Cork, Mercier 1968
60. Jump up ^ O’Broin, Leon “Michael Collins” Dublin, Gill & MacMillan 1980
61. Jump up ^ Coogan, Michael Collins , pp. 236-276.
62. Jump up ^ Debate on the treaty between the UK and Ireland … from University College Cork
63. Jump up ^ provisional government minutes, the Public Records Office, Dublin
64. Jump up ^ O’Donoghue, Florence “any other Act” Dublin, Irish Press, 1954
65. Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, David “Harry Boland Irish revolution” Cork, Cork University Press, 2003
66. Jump up ^ O’Donoghue, Florence “any other Act” Dublin, Irish Press, 1954
67. Jump up ^ Mulcahy paper UCD, Northern Division Intelligence Report October 26, 1921
68. Jump up ^ Macready personal correspondence December 10, 1920
69. Jump up ^ Taylor, Rex “Assassination” London; Hutchinson 1961
70. Jump up ^ British Government Offices
71. Jump up ^ MC official correspondence, 5 and 10 April 1922
72. Jump up ^ Michael Collins letter to Churchill, June 6, 1922
73. Jump up ^ British Cabinet minutes 16/42 Public Records Office, London
74. Jump up ^ correspondence between Michael Collins and Winston Churchill in June 1922
75. Jump up ^ Younger, Calton “Arthur Griffith” Dublin, Gill & Macmillan 1981
76. Jump up ^ provisional government minutes, the Public Records Office, Dublin
77. Jump up ^ The Constitution of the Irish Free State 1922http: //www.ucc.ie/celt/online/E900003-004/
78. Jump up ^http://www.constitution.org/cons/ireland/constitution_ireland-en.pdf
79. Jump up ^ Coogan, TP “Michael Collins”
80. Jump up ^ provisional government minutes, the Public Records Office, Dublin
81. Jump up ^ Michael Collins – Winsonn Churchill correspondence June 1922
82. Jump up ^ Public Records Office, Dublin
83. Jump up ^ Taylor, Rex “The murder: the death of Sir Henry Wilson and the tragedy of Ireland” (London 1961)
84. Jump up ^ Sigerson, SM “The assassination of Michael Collins 😕 What happened at Béal na Bláth “Kindle Direct Publishing 2013
85. Jump up ^ Taylor, Rex. Assassination London, Hutchinson, 1961
86. Jump up ^ provisional government minutes, June 27, 1922, the Public Records Office, Dublin
87. Jump up ^ Kissane, Bill. The Politics of Irish civil war ISBN 978-0-19-927355-3. page 77
88. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Kee, Robert. The Green Flag: the turbulent history of the Irish national movement . ISBN 978-0-14-029165-0. p. 739
89. Jump up ^ Garvin, Tom (2005) 1922: the birth of Irish democracy . Gill & Macmillan Ltd. p. 12
90. Jump up ^ O’Broin, Leon. Michael Collins Dublin, Gill & MacMillan 1980
91. ^ Jump up to: ^abc Feehan, John M. shooting of Michael Collins: Murder or accident? Cork, Mercier 1981
92. ^ Jump up to: ^ab Sigerson, SM assassination of Michael Collins: What happened at Béal na Bláth? Kindle Direct Publishing 2013
93. Jump up ^ Clarke, Kathleen. Kathleen Clarke: Revolutionary womanO’Brien Press, 2008
94. Jump up ^ provisional government minutes, in July 1922, MC official and private correspondence, July 1922
95. Jump up ^ Feehan, John M “recording of Michael Collins: Murder or accident” Cork, Mercier 1981
96. Jump up ^ Deasy, Liam “Brother to Brother”
97. Jump up ^ Sigerson, SM “The assassination of Michael Collins 😕 What happened at Béal na Bláth “Create Space / KDP 2013
98. Jump up ^ Neligan, David “The Spy in the castle” London, Prendeville Publishing 1999
99. Jump up ^ Feehan, John M “recording of Michael Collins: Murder or accident” Cork, Mercier 1981
100. Jump up ^ Sigerson, SM “The assassination of Michael Collins 😕 What happened at Béal na Bláth “Kindle Direct Publishing 2013
101. Jump up ^ Deasy, Liam “Brother to Brother”
102. Jump up ^ O’Donoghue, Florence “any other Act” Dublin, Irish Press, 1954
103. Jump up ^ Feehan, John M “recording of Michael Collins: Murder or accident” Cork, Mercier 1981
104. Jump up ^ O’Donoghue, Florence “any other Act” Dublin, Irish Press, 1954
105. Jump up ^ Feehan, John M “recording of Michael Collins: Murder or accident” Cork, Mercier 1981
106. Jump up ^ O’Broin, Leon “Michael Collins” Dublin, Gill & MacMillan 1980
107. Jump up ^ https://thediamondbar.wordpress.com/history/
108. Jump up ^ Feehan, John M “recording of Michael Collins: Murder or accident” Cork, Mercier 1981
109. Jump up ^ Deasy, Liam “Brother to Brother”
110. Jump up ^ Michael Collins Centre, Clonakilty
111. Jump up ^ Sigerson, SM “The assassination of Michael Collins 😕 What happened at Béal na Bláth “KDP / create space in 2013
112. Jump up ^ Feehan, John M “recording of Michael Collins: Murder or accident” Cork, Mercier 1981
113. Jump up ^ Feehan, John M “recording of Michael Collins: Murder or accident” Cork, Mercier 1981
114. Jump up ^ Dolan, Anne (2006). In memory of the Irish Civil War: History and Memory, 1923-2000. Studies in the social and cultural history of modern warfare. 13 . Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-521-02698-7.
115. Jump up ^ Osborne, Chrissy “Michael Collins himself” Cork, Mercier 2003
116. Jump up ^ O’Broin, Leon “Michael Collins” Dublin, Gill & MacMillan 1980
117. Jump up ^ Michael Collins personal correspondence
118. Jump up ^ Michael Collins field diary, August 22, 1922
119. Jump up ^ Barry, Tom “Guerrilla Days in Ireland” Dublin, Irish Press 1949
120. Jump up ^ O’Connor, Batt “With Michael Collins in the fight for Irish independence” in 1929
121. Jump up ^ Osborne, Chrissy “Michael Collins himself” Cork, Mercier 2003
122. Jump up ^ Neligan, David “The Spy in the castle” London, Prendeville Publishing 1999
123. Jump up ^ Collins, Michael (Costello, Francis J., ed.) “Michael Collins, in his own words,” Dublin, Gill & Macmillan, 1997
124. Jump up ^ Michael Collins personal correspondence
125. Jump up ^ McCoole, Sinead “no ordinary women: Irish women activists in the revolutionary years 1900-1923” Dublin, O’Brien Press 2008
126. Jump up ^ Collins, Michael (Costello, Francis J., ed.) “Michael Collins, in his own words,” Dublin, Gill & Macmillan, 1997
127. Jump up ^ Coogan, Tim Pat, Michael Collins
128. Jump up ^ Ryan, MEDA “Michael Collins and the women in his life” Cork, Mercier Press 1996
129. Jump up ^ Sigerson, SM “The assassination of Michael Collins 😕 What happened at Béal na Bláth “Kindle Direct Publishing 2013
130. Jump up ^ O’Bróin, Leon “in haste: the letters of Michael Collins and Kitty Kiernan” Dublin, Gill & MacMillan 1996
131. Jump up ^ Sigerson, SM “The assassination of Michael Collins 😕 What happened at Béal na Bláth “Kindle Direct Publishing 2013
132. Jump up ^ CoinUpdate.com
133. Jump up ^ RTE.ie, “Get Collins”
134. Jump up ^ IMDb.com, “Get Collins”
135. Jump up ^ Cork Opera House
136. Jump up ^ Interview with Fassbender
137. Jump up ^ OnstageScotland “Allegiance”

Bibliography

• Llewellyn, Morgan (2001). In 1921. Thomas Doherty Press.
• Beaslai, Piaras (1926). Michael Collins and The Making of New Ireland.Dublin Phoenix.
• Bradford, Martin J. (2003). “The Charity of Silence”. AuthorHouse.Historical / fictional account of the life and times of Michael Collins.ISBN 1-4107-0641-9.
• Collins, Michael (1922). The road to freedom. Dublin: Talbot Press.
• Coogan, Tim Pat (1990). Michael Collins: A Biography.
• Coogan, Tim Pat (2002). Michael Collins: The man who made Ireland.Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29511-1.
• Deasy, Liam (1992). Brother against brother. Mercier.
• Doherty, Gabriel (1998). Michael Collins and The Making of the Irish State. Mercier.
• Dwyer, T. Ryle (1999). Big Fellow, Longfellow: A joint biography of Collins and De Valera. St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-7171-4084-9.
• Dwyer, T. Ryle (2005). The squad and intelligence operations by Michael Collins. Mercier Press. ISBN 1-85635-469-5.
• Feehan, John M. (1981). The recording of Michael Collins: Murder or accident? . Mercier.
• Feeney, Brian (2002). Sinn Féin: A hundred turbulent years. O’Brien Press.
• . Hart, Peter (2007) Mick: The Real Michael Collins. Penguin.
• McDonnell, Kathleen Keyes (1972). “There is a bridge in Bandon: a personal account of the Irish War of Independence”. Cork and Dublin.
• Mackay, James (1997). Michael Collins: A Life. Mainstream Publishing.ISBN 1-85158-857-4.
• Neligan, David (1999). The spy in the castle. Prendeville Publishing Ltd.
• Neeson, Eoin (1968). The Life and Death of Michael Collins. Cork.
• O’Broin, Leon (1983). In great haste: The letters of Michael Collins and Kitty Kiernan. Gill and MacMillan.
• O’Connor, Batt (1929). With Michael Collins in the fight for Irish independence. London: Peter Davies.
• O’Connor, Frank (1965). The Big Fellow Michael Collins and the Irish Revolution. Clonmore & Reynolds.
• O’Donoghue, Florence (1954). No other law. Irish Press.
• O’Donoghue, Florence (2006). Florence and Josephine O’Donoghue Irish revolution. Irish Academic Press.
• Osborne, Chrissy (2003). Michael Collins himself. Mercier.
• Regan, John M. (2012). “The” Bandon Valley Massacre “as a historical problem.” History 97th
• Sigerson, SM (2013). The assassination of Michael Collins: What happened at Béal na Bláth? . Kindle Direct Publishing.
• Stewart, Anthony Terence Quincey (1997). Michael Collins: The Secret File. The University of Michigan. ISBN 0-85640-614-7.
• Talbot, Hayden (1923). Michael Collins own history. London: Hutchinson.
• Taylor, Rex (1958). Michael Collins. Hutchinson.
• Young, Calton (1968). Ireland Civil War. London.

Kinsale (/ k ɪ ns eɪ l /; Irish: Cionn tSáile ) is a historic port and fishing village in County Cork, Ireland, which also has significant military history. Located about 25 km south of Cork Cityvid coast near the Old Head of Kinsale, it sits at the mouth of the River Bandon and has a population of 2257, ^{[ citation needed ]} , which increases significantly during the summer months when the tourist season is at its peak and when the boating fraternity arrives in large amount.Kinsale in Cork South-West (Dáil Éireann) constituency, which has five seats.

Kinsale is a popular holiday resort for Irish and foreign tourists. ^[1] Leisure activities include sailing, sea fishing and golf. The city also has several art galleries and a school in English. The city is compact with a quaint air antiquity in the narrow streets. There is a large marina close to the center.

The city is known for its restaurants, and has an annual “Gourmet Festival”.Chef Keith Floyd was a former resident of Kinsale. ^[2]

The cities of Community School has been awarded “Best school in Ireland” twice. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

Prominent historical buildings in the city include St. Multose Church (Church of Ireland) in 1190, John the Baptist (Catholic) in 1839, the market house c. 1600 and the so-called French Prison (or Desmond Castle – see the Earls of Desmond, prominent in the history of Munster) in c. 1500. Charles Fort, a partially restored star fort in 1677, is near Summercove. See also http://www.kinsale.ie/category/things-to-do/historical-kinsale/

On 8 October 2005, Kinsale Ireland second Fairtrade Town of Clonakilty is the first.

History

1333, under a charter granted by King Edward III of England, the Corporation was Kinsale established to implement the local authorities in the city. ^[7] The company existed for over 500 years until the passing of municipal corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 when the municipalities in Kinsale was transferred to the town Commissioners who had been in the city since 1828. the town Commission became Kinsale Council under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, Kinsale town Council existed until 2014, when this layer of the municipalities were abolished in Ireland as part of measures to reduce Ireland budget deficits as a result of the financial crisis 2008-2010 (see Post-2008 Irish economic downturn). There were two members of the Irish house before its abolition in 1800.

Kinsale had important links with Spain. In 1518 Archduke Ferdinand, later Emperor Ferdinand I, paid an unscheduled visit to the city, when one of his staff wrote a remarkable due to its inhabitants. In 1601 a Spanish military expedition – the last of Armada – landed in Kinsale. As a result of the Battle of Kinsale took place at the end of nine years of war in which the English forces led by Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy defeated a rebel Irish force, led by Prince Hugh Roe O’Donnell and Hugh O’Neill, who was allied with the forces of the Spanish Empire of Philip III of Spain and Portugal. ^[8] After this battle Flight of the Earls occurred where a number of the native Irish aristocrats, including the Earls of Tyrone and Tir Conaill, abandoned his country and fled to the European mainland. Shortly after the battle, James Fort was built to protect the harbor.

In 1649 Prince Rupert of the Rhine explained Charles II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland on St. Multose Church in Kinsale at the hearing of the execution of Charles I in London by the Honourable forces during the English Civil War (see also http: // bcw- project.org/military / third-civil-war / Prince Rupert-voyages / Kinsale ~~ V about Prince Rupert and his fleet of Kinsale).

Charles Fort, located at Summer Cove and dating from 1677 in the reign of Charles II, is a bastion -Fort which guards the entrance to Kinsale Harbor. It was built to protect the area and especially the port from the use of the French and Spanish in the event of a landing in Ireland. James Fort, which dates from the reign of James I, is on the other side of the bay, the castle peninsula. An underwater chain used to be strung between the two forts over the harbor mouth during times of war to rush the enemy shipping by tore the bottoms of the incoming ships.

1690, James II of England (James VII of Scotland) and Ireland resigned to France from Kinsale, after his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne by William III of England (also governor William III of the House of Orange-Nassau) efterärorika Revolution (or Revolution of 1688 ) in England against the background of the war involving France under Louis XIV.

From 1694 Kinsale served as a supply base for the Royal Navy ship in the South of Ireland, and a number of warehouses were built; it was limited to smaller vessels, however, because of the sandbar at the mouth of the river. ^{[9] The} English privateer Captain Woodes Roger mentions Kinsale in the memoirs of his 1708 expedition; In particular, he mentions a couple of blocks called “the Sovereigne’s Bollacks”. He does not mention if it is a local name or application of the maritime community. ^[10] Kinsale’s marina importance declined after the Royal Navy moved its provisioning center from Kinsale to Cork Harbour in 1805 during the Napoleonic Wars between France First Empire.

When the RMS Lusitania was sunk by a U-boat in the German Empire May 7, 1915 during the First World War, some of the bodies and survivors were transferred to Kinsale and the subsequent inquest on the bodies recovered was held in the city’s courthouse. ^[11] A statue in the harbor in memory of effort. Lusitania Memorial is Casement Square Cobh, east of Cork city.

Transport

Bus Eireann provides Kinsale main means of public transport. Buses run regularly from Kinsale to Cork City, with most of these stops at Cork Airport on the way. Kinsale and Bandon connected by public transport with a bus provided by the East Cork rural transport.

Transition movement

Kinsale is the first Transition Town in Ireland. It is a community-based group, supported by Kinsale Town Council. It looks for sustainable solutions to the challenges of peak oil and climate change. Public meetings are held the third Thursday of each month. It has taken a lot of guidance from the Kinsale Energy Descent Action Plan 2021, which has given rise to additional transition movement worldwide. ^[12]

Sports and community groups

The Saile sports and leisure center is located opposite the Kinsale Community School overlooking the Bandon River. The Saile Sports & Community Centre Project is an initiative of KRD Community Association, a nonprofit athletic body composed of local activists committed to improving the lives of residents in Kinsale and its surroundings. ^[13]

Phase 1 includes four x 5-a-side all-weather places, tennis court, basketball court and community garden opened by President Mary McAleese in October 2010.

Phase two will be the Sport and Community Centre. This will include an indoor sports / community center, locker rooms and community meeting room with a kitchenette.

Kinsale Yacht Club (KYC) opened in 1950 and today has become a lively sailing club with events for all ages of sailors and social activities throughout the year. Junior sailing includes Optimists, Lasers and 420s. There squib, International Dragon and A-Class catamarans and Cruiser three classes (class I, II and III). ^[14]

Kinsale Rugby Football Club recently celebrated its 25th anniversary. ^[15] It has a strong minor system ^{[ citation needed ]} , a women’s team and competitive squad of players in both the first and second junior male team. ^{[ Citation needed ]}

Kinsale GAA club plays in Carrigdhoun division of Cork GAA. ^[16] They won the Cork County Intermediate Football Championship 2011, the first time since 1915.

Kinsale Badminton ^[17] club affiliated with Badminton Ireland is based in St. Multose Hall Kinsale. It caters to both adults and young players and teams in Cork county leagues and cups.

Kinsale branch of the Red Cross has been around since 1939 and is staffed by volunteers, who are present at local events and activities – including the annual Kinsale Sevens by the Sea. Rugby event ^[18] The office has two ambulances that are housed in a purpose-built building in Church Lane and staffed by trained volunteers.

Kinsale regularly does well in the Irish Tidy Towns competition and was the overall winner of the 1986th

Entertainment

Kinsale hosts an annual jazz festival, which takes place during the last weekend of October. Many pubs and hotels in the city hosting concerts with jazz and blues groups throughout the weekend, including Monday (which is a holiday in Ireland). ^{[19] [20]}

Government and politics

The city is governed by nine member Kinsale Town Council. As of the 2009 elections, the Council had two members each from the Fianna Fáil (center right), Fine Gael (center right), and the Workers Party (center left) and a member of Sinn Fein (left side), the Green Party (center left) and a independent . The current mayor is Tony Cierans (Labour). The town is part of the Bandon constituency of Cork County Council and is part of the Cork South-West constituency for Dáil elections.

Twin towns – Sister cities

Kinsale is twinned with:

• Newport, Rhode Island, United States ^[21]
• Mumbles, Wales, United Kingdom ^[22]
• Portofino, Italy
• Antibes, France

Development

The largest planned development of 2.9 hectares, close to the historic center is restarted Convent Garden schemes promoted by Cumnor Construction since the early 2000s (Cork County Council planning application 04/53026 see http://www.pleanala.ie/casenum /211819.htm). This means a combination of conversion of austere gray rendered concrete former St. Joseph’s convent of the Sisters of Mercy on the Ramparts Lane in 79 apartments and build on the land 94 new build houses, with 295 car spaces, according to Bord Pleanála inspectors report in 2005. After several years of inactivity, work to build more of the new units was resumed in 2015, after a planning site communication of December 2014. ^[23] See also https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oc- Ud3TvygE, a YouTube presentation system, http://www.jca.ie/pages/architecture/residential/projects/convent_garden.htmlav developer and construction company.

During a period in 2007-9, an approximately 18,000 square meters of hotel, apartment and retail development promoted by Fuschia Investments Limited, a company linked to the Howard Holdings plc for prominent place near the tourist office between Pier Road and Long Quay (planning register reference number: 04/53030) – see http://www.clowater.eu/?portfolio=kinsale-harbour-lodge-cork. Scott Tallon Walker Architects carried out a design study for the development <http://www.stwarchitects.com /project-information.php?p=04098&t=i>.But by 2011 the place had returned to its use as a surface parking lot. The potential system now seems to be controlled by Clowater Asset Management Limited, Cork.

People from or in connection with Kinsale

• Jack Barrett (1910-1979), All-Ireland winning hurler; Born in Kinsale
• Margaret Barrington (1896-1982), writer and journalist; lived in Kinsale
• Anne Bonny (1702-1782), female pirate; born near Kinsale
• Edward Bowen (1780-1866), Canadian judges and lawyers; Born in Kinsale
• Sister Mary Francis (Joanna Bridgeman) (1813-1888), a nun and nursing pioneer; lived in Kinsale
• Paddy Collins (1903-1995), All-Ireland winning Hurler; Born in Kinsale
• Patrick Cotter O’Brien (1760-1806), checked the first man to have reached over eight feet in height; Born in Kinsale
• John Duncan Craig (1830-1909), poet and Church of Ireland clergyman;lived in Kinsale
• Ray Cummins (1948-present), All-Ireland winning Hurler; lives in Kinsale
• Achilles Daunt (1832-1878), Church of Ireland clergyman; Born in Kinsale
• Moira Deady (1922-2010), actor; lived in Kinsale
• James Dennis, 1st Baron Tracton (1721-1782), Irish judges and politicians; born near Kinsale
• Eileen Desmond (1932-2005), TD, Senator and State Council; Born in Kinsale
• Conor Fallon (1939-2007), sculptor and son Padraic; lived in Kinsale
• Padraic Fallon (1905-1974), poet; lived in Kinsale
• John William Fenton (1828-1890), musician; Born in Kinsale
• Keith Floyd (1943-2009), President; lived near Kinsale
• John FOLLIOT (1691-1762), British army officer; Deputy Governor in Kinsale
• Robert Gibbings (1889-1958), artist and writer; lived in Kinsale
• Sister Mary Scholastica (Geraldine Gibbons) (c. 1817-1901), the founder of the Sisters of the Good Samaritan, born in Kinsale
• John Handcock (1755-1786), British army officer; Deputy Governor in Kinsale
• Aidan Higgins (1927-2015), poet; lived in Kinsale
• Ron Holland (1947-present), yacht designer; lives in Kinsale
• Thomas Johnson (1872-1963), the first leader of the Irish Labour Party in Dáil Éireann, lived in Kinsale
• Ciara judges, Emer Hickey, and Sophie Healy-Thow (1998 -) All at the age of 16 -. 2014 Grand Prix Winner of the Google Science Fair, the first ever major prize winners from a lower age group ^[24]
• John-Edward Kelly (1840-1884), Protestant nationalist and Fenian; Born in Kinsale
• Reef. Patrick MacSwiney (1885-1940), Catholic lecturer in Kinsale 1927-1940, founder of Kinsale Museum, vocational school, Development Association, Fisheries Association, the National Monuments Committee, Kinsale Historical Society
• Derek Mahon (1941-present), Northern Irish poet; lives in Kinsale
• Mortimer and Timothy McCarthy (c 1878-1967 and 1888-1917.), Antarctic explorers on Scott’s 1911 expedition; Born in Kinsale
• Peter McDermott (1918-2011), All-Ireland winning footballer County Meath; born near Kinsale
• Cormac Ó Cadhlaigh (1884-1960), Celticist; Born in Kinsale
• Arthur O’Connor (1763-1852), President of the United Irishmen and a general in Napoleon’s armies; lived near Kinsale
• Desmond O’Grady (1935-2014), poet; lives in Kinsale
• John Fergus O’Hea (c 1838-1922.); political cartoonist aka “Spex”; Born in Kinsale
• Timothy O’Keeffe (1926-1994), publisher who worked with Flann O’Brien; Born in Kinsale
• Eamonn O’Neill (1882-1954) Kinsale businessman and politician
• Gervais Parker (1695-1750), British army officer; Governor in Kinsale
• William Penn (1644-1718), the founder of Pennsylvania, was clerk of the Admiralty Court in Kinsale
• Lennox Robinson (1886-1958), poet and playwright; lived in Kinsale
• Sir Robert South (1635-1702), diplomat, Secretary of State for Ireland and President of the Royal Society, was born near Kinsale
• John Sullivan (1830-1884), recipient of the Victoria Cross
• Joseph Ward (1832-1872), British soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross; Born in Kinsale
• Finbar Wright (1957-present), tenor; born near Kinsale
• Nancy Wynne-Jones (1922-2006), painter; lived in Kinsale

Gallery

• on the quay
• port
• Market House (around 1600)

See also

• List of towns and villages in Ireland
• List of RNLI stations
• Market Houses in Ireland
• Kinsale (Ireland Parliament constituency)
• Old Head of Kinsale

References

1. Jump up ^ “On Census Day, April 23, 2006”. Ireland News: Top Story.Irish Times. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2009. Irish Times, July 1, 2008
2. Jump up ^ Davenport, F.; Charlotte, Beech; Downs, T; Hannigan, D;Parnell, F; Wilson, N (2006). Lonely Planet Ireland. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-74059-968-3.
3. Jump up ^ “Online Historical Population Reports website.” University of Essex. In 2007. Taken 28/04/2014.
4. Jump up ^ “NISRA – Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (c) 2013 ‘. Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk. 2010-09-27. Pulled 04/28/2014.
5. Jump up ^ Lee, JJ (1981). “On the accuracy of pre-famine Irish censuses”. In the Gold Strom, JM; Clarkson, LA Irish population, economy and society: Essays in Honour of the late KH Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
6. Jump up ^ Mokyr, Joel, O Grada, Cormac (November 1984). “New Developments in the Irish population history, 1700-1850”. The Economic History Review. 37 (4) :. 473-488 doi: 10.1111 / j.1468 -0289.1984.tb00344.x.
7. Jump up ^ addition to the first report …: Southern, Midland, Western and Southern … – Great Britain. Commission of the municipal companies in Ireland. Google Books. Pulled 04/28/2014.
8. Jump up ^ “Kinsale then and now.” West Cork Travel. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
9. Jump up ^ Coad, Jonathan (2013). Support for Fleet Engineering and Architecture of the Royal Navy bases 1700-1914. Swindon, UK: English Heritage.
10. Jump up ^ “Privateer: Life aboard a British privateer in the time of Queen Anne 1708-1711”.
11. Jump up ^ “Kinsale”. Eircom. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
12. Jump up ^ Lawrence, Felicity (7 April 2007). “Article on transitional movement.” London: The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
13. Jump up ^ “Saile Sport and leisure”. Saile sport and leisure. Retrieved 29 October, 2013.
14. Jump up ^ “Kinsale Yacht Club.” Retrieved 29 October, 2013.
15. Jump up ^ “Kinsale RFC”. Kinsale RFC. January 18, 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
16. Jump up ^ “Kinsale GAA Club ‘. Kinsale GAA. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
17. Jump up ^ “Kinsale Badminton Club ‘. Pulled nine September 2012.
18. Jump up ^ “Kinsale Red Cross – About us”. Kinsale Red Cross. Archived from the original January 16, 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
19. Jump up ^ “Something for the weekend – Kinsale”. The Independent.October 22, 2003. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
20. Jump up ^ “Kinsale Jazz Festival”. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
21. Jump up ^ “Useful Links for Visitors: Sister Cities”. City of Newport.Retrieved 27 January 2009.
22. Jump up ^ “The Mumbles Reporter”. Themumblesbook.co.uk. February 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
23. Jump up ^ “Kinsale monasteries systems reduced to 96 homes.” Irish Examiner. 23 April 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
24. Jump up ^ http://www.thejournal.ie/irish-scientists-cork-1656039-Sep2014/
25. Jump up ^ Hiram Morgan, Ireland 1518: Archduke Ferdinand visit to Kinsale and Dürer Connection (Cork, 2016)

Mizen Head (Irish: Carn Uí Neid ), located on the end of a peninsula in the district of Carbery in County Cork, Ireland. It is one of the extreme points on the island of Ireland and is a major tourist attraction, known for its dramatic rocky landscape. One of the main transatlantic shipping lanes pass close to the south, and the Mizen Head was for many sailors, the first (or last) view of Europa.Spetsen on the peninsula is almost an island, cut off by a deep gorge, now spanned by a bridge; This gives access to an old signaling station, a weather station and a lighthouse. The signal station, once permanently manned, is now a museum housing displays relating to the site’s strategic importance to transatlantic shipping and communications, including pioneering efforts of Guglielmo Marconi. The “99 steps”, which was included in the original access road has been supplemented by a series of paths and viewing platforms, and a full range of visitor facilities available at the entrance to the site. The villages of Ballydehob, Crookhaven, Goleen, Schull and located on the peninsula in the east.

Mizen Head is the most southerly point of mainland Ireland; nearby Brow Head holds that title. Nevertheless, geography books long measured the length of Ireland “from Fair Head to Mizen Head” ^[1] or “from Malin Head to Mizen Head. ^[2]

Content

[Hide]

• 1See also
• 2Hänvisar to
• 3Källor
• 4Externa links

See also 

• Malin to Miz
• Carbery’s Hundred Isles
• Wild Atlantic Way

References 

1. Jump up ^ Robert Johnson, the competitive Geography (1877), p. 170
2. Jump up ^ William Hughes and John Williams, “A Class-Book of Modern Geography” (1885), p. 78

Cork  (/ k ɔr k / Irish:  Corcaigh  , pronounced [koɾkɪɟ], from  corcach  , which means “swamp”) is a city in Ireland, which is located in South-West Region, in the province of Munster. It has a population of 119,230,  ^[6]  and is the second largest city in the state and the third most populous on the island of Ireland. The larger the Metropolitan Cork (which includes a number of satellite towns and suburbs) has a population exceeding 300,000.  ^[7]  In 2005, the city selected as the European Capital of Culture.

The city is built on the River Lee which divides into two channels in the western part of the city, the center is divided by these channels. The reconverge on the eastern side where ochbryggor quays along the riverbank leads outwards towards Lough Mahon to Cork Harbour, one of the world’s largest natural harbors.  ^{[8] [9]}

The city’s cognomen of “rebel city” has its origin in its support for the Yorkist cause during the English 15th century Wars of the Roses.  ^[10]  Corkonians often refer to the city as “real capital”  ^[11]  referring to the city’s role as the center of the anti- Treaty forces during the Irish Civil war.  ^[12]

History 

Main article: History of Cork

Cork was originally a monastery settlement, said founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century.  ^[13]  Cork achieved an urban character at some time between 915 and 922 närNorseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port.  ^[14]  It has been suggested that as Dublin Cork was an important trading center in the global Scandinavian trade network. ^[15]  ecclesiastical settlement continued with Viking  longphort  , the two develop a type of symbiotic relationship;Northmen provide otherwise unobtainable goods of the monastery, and perhaps also military support.  ^[16]

The corner of Grand Parade and South Mall, Cork, c.1830

The city charter was granted by King John, as Lord of Ireland, in 1185.  ^[17] The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today.  ^[18]  For much of the Middle Ages, Cork was an outpost of the old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaeliclandsbygden and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin.Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno Norman lords pressed the “Black Pure” from citizens to keep them from attacking the city. The current extent of the city has exceeded the limits of medieval Barony of Cork City; now takes in large parts of neighboring Barony of Cork. Together, these baronies between the Barony of Barrymore in the east, Muskerry East to West and Kerrycurrihy in the south.

The city’s municipal government dominated by about 12-15 merchant families whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe – in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. The medieval population of Cork was approximately 2,100 people. It suffered a major blow in 1349 when almost half of the city residents died of the plague, when the Black Death arrived in the city. 1491 Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The then mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. The title of Mayor of Cork was founded by Royal Charter in 1318, and the title was changed to  mayor  in 1900 after the knighthood of the incumbent mayor of Queen Victoria on her royal visit to the city.  ^[19]

Patrick Street c.1890-1900.

Since the nineteenth century Cork had been a strong Irish nationalist city, with wide support for Irish Home Rule and the Irish Parliamentary Party, but from 1910 stood firmly behind William O’Brien’s dissidents All-for-Ireland Party. O’Brien published a third local newspaper, Cork Free Press.

In the war, was the center of Cork was burned down by the British Black and Tans,  ^[20]  and the city saw fierce fighting between Irish rebels and British forces. During the Irish Civil War, Cork was for a time held by anti-Treaty forces, until it was retaken by the pro-Treaty National Army in an attack from the sea.

Climate 

The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is gentle sea and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of extreme temperatures. Cork is located in Plant Hardiness Zone 9b. Met Éireann has a climatological weather station at Cork Airport,  ^[21]  a few kilometers south of the city. It should be noted that the airport is at an elevation of 151 meters (495 feet) and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill.  ^[21]

Temperatures below 0 ° C (32 ° F) or above 25 ° C (77 ° F) are rare. Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimeters (4.029 ft) of precipitation annually, most of which is rain.  ^[22] The airport registers an average of 7 days of hail and 11 days of snow or sleet per year; even if only registers lying snow for 2 days a year. The low height of the city, and the moderating influence of the port, means lying snow very rarely occur in the city itself. There are on average 204 “rainy” days a year (more than 0.2 millimeters (0.0079 in) of precipitation), of which there are 73 days with “rain” (more than 5 millimeters (0.20 inches)) .  ^[22]  Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 97 days of fog per year, most during the mornings and during the winter. Nevertheless, Cork is also one of Ireland’s sunniest cities, with an average of 3.9 hours of sunshine per day and only has 67 days where there is no “recordable sunshine”, mostly in and around the winter.  ^[22]

Culture 

The Lewis Glucksman Gallery at UCC.

The Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design offers a throughput of new blood, as well as the active theater components of many courses at University College Cork (UCC). Highlights include: Corcadorca Theatre Company, of which Cillian Murphy was a squad member  ^[26]  before the Hollywood fame; The Institute for Choreography and Dance, a national contemporary dance resource,  ^[27]  the Triskel Arts Centre (capacity c.90), which includes Triskel Christchurch independent film; dance in place Firkin Crane (c.240 capacity); Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and graffiti Theatre Company,  ^[28]  and the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival,  ^[29]  and Live at The Marquee events. The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and granary Theatre (capacity c.150) both play host to dramatic plays throughout the year.

Cork is home to RTÉ Vanbrugh Quartet, and many musical acts, including John Spillane, Frank and Walters, Sultans of Ping, Simple Kid, Micro Disney, Fred, Mick Flannery and the late Rory Gallagher. Singer songwriter Cathal Coughlan and Sean O’Hagan of the High Llamas also hails from Cork. The opera singer Cara O’Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy are also Cork born. Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1000, the most important music venues in the city is Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Everyman, Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, Savoy and Coughlan’s.  ^[30]

The city’s literary society revolves around the Munster Literature Centre and the Triskel Arts Centre.  ^[31]  short story writer Frank O’Connor and Seán Ó Faoláin came from Cork, and contemporary authors include Thomas McCarthy, Gerry Murphy, and novelist and poet William Wall.

The English marknadeni Cork.

Cork has been the cultural diversity for many years, from Huguenot communities 17th century, by Eastern European societies, and a small number of African and Asian countries in the 20th and 21st centuries.  ^[32] This is reflected in the multicultural restaurants and shops, including specialty stores for Eastern European or Middle Eastern food, Chinese and Thai restaurants, French patisseries, Indian buffets and Middle Eastern kebab houses. Cork saw some Jewish immigration from Lithuania and Russia in the late 19th century. Jewish citizens as Gerald Goldberg (several times Mayor), David Marcus (author) and Louis Marcus (documentary maker) played notable roles in 20th century Cork. Today, the Jewish community is relatively small population, although the city still has a Jewish quarter and synagogue. ^[33]  Cork also has various Christian churches and a mosque. Some Catholic masses around the city said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages,  ^[34]  in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish  ^[35] and English language services.

Recent additions to the arts infrastructure include modern additions to Cork Opera House and the Crawford Municipal Art Gallery. The Lewis Glucksman Gallery opened in the fall of 2004 at UCC, was nominated for the Stirling Prize in the United Kingdom, and the construction of a new € 60 million School of Music, was completed in September 2007.

Cork was the European Capital of Culture in 2005, and in 2009 was included in Lonely Planet’s top 10 “Best in Travel 2010 ‘. The guide described Cork as “at the top of its game: sophisticated, vibrant and diverse”.  ^[36]

There is a rivalry between Cork and Dublin, similar to the rivalry between London and Manchester, Sydney and Melbourne or Madrid and Barcelona.Some Corkonians prove that differs from the rest of Ireland, and refer to themselves as “insurgents”; the county known as the Rebel County. This view has in recent years proved in humorous references to  the Real Capital and the sale of T-shirts with light-hearted banners celebrating the  People’s Republic of Cork  .

Food 

The city has many local traditions in food, including  crubeens  ,  stomachs and drisheen  . Cork English Market sells locally produced food, including fresh fish, meat, fruit and vegetables, eggs and artisan cheeses and breads.Under certain town festivals are also food stalls sometimes erected on city streets as St. Patrick Street and the Grand Parade.  ^[37]

Accent 

Cork accent, part of Southwest dialect of Irish English, show different characteristics that distinguish it from other accents in Ireland. Pattern tone and intonation often rise and fall with the overall tone tends to be more high-pitched than the other Irish accents. English is spoken in Cork has a number of dialect words that are characteristic of the city and surroundings.Like the standard Irish English, some of these words comes from the Irish language, but other languages through other Cork residents encountered at home and abroad.  ^[38]  The Cork accent shows varying degrees of rhoticity, usually depending on the social class of the speaker.

Media 

Broadcasting 

The city’s FM radio band have RTÉ Radio 1, RTÉ 2Fm, RTÉ lyric fm, RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta, Today FM, 4FM, Newstalk and religious station Radio Spirit. There are also local stations Cork’s 96FM, Cork Red FM, C103, CUH 102.0FM, 98.3FM UCC (former Cork Campus Radio 97.4fm)  ^[39]  and Christian radio station 93.1FM Life.  ^[40]  Cork also has a temporary licensed citywide Community station “Cork FM Community Radio ‘on 100.5FM, which is currently on air on Saturdays and Sundays only. Cork has also been home to pirate radio stations, including South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s.Today some small pirates stations remain. A number of neighboring counties radio stations can be heard in parts of Cork City, including Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1.

RTÉ Cork has TV and radio studios, and production facilities in the center of Father Matthew Street in the city center.

Print 

Cork is home to one of Ireland’s main national newspapers,  the Irish Examiner  (formerly the  Cork Examiner  ). It also writes  Evening Echo  , which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper. Today, the cries of vendors selling the Echo can still be heard in various parts of the city center. One of the largest free newspaper in the city is  Cork Independent  .  ^[41]  The city’s universities publish  UCC Express  ^[42]  and Motley  magazine.  ^[43]

Tourist attractions 

Further information: List of public art in Cork City

The Angel of the Resurrection, St. Finbarre Cathedral.

Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Middle Ages to modern times.  ^[44]  The only notable remnant of the medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city, St. Mary’s Cathedral and St Fin Barre’s Cathedral. St Mary’s Cathedral, often called the North Cathedral, the Catholic Cathedral in the city and was started in 1808. Its distinctive tower added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre’s Cathedral serves the Protestant faith, and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges.

Patrick Street, the main street of the city built in the mid-2000s, is known for the architecture of the buildings along the pedestrian road and the main shopping street. It is dominated at its north end of the landmark statue of Father Mathew. The reason for its curved shape is that it was originally a channel of the River Lee, which was built over the vault.  ^{[45] The} main post office, with its limestone facade, located on Oliver Plunkett Street, on the site of the royal theater which was built in 1760 and burned down in 1840 . the English circus owner Pablo Fanqueåteruppbyggdes an amphitheater on the site in 1850, which was later converted into a theater and then into the current General Post office in 1877.  ^{[46] [47]}  the Grand Parade is an avenue, home to offices, shops and financial institutions . The old financial center is the South Mall, with several banks whose interior is derived from the 19th century, as Allied Irish Bank’s which was once an exchange.

Cork County Hall was Ireland’s tallest building for some time and is located on the western side of the city

Many of its buildings are in the Georgian style, although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as County Hall tower, which was at one time the tallest building in Ireland  ^[48]  until they are replaced by another Cork City building: The Elysian. Outside County Hall is a landmark sculpture of two men, known locally as “Cha and Miah ‘. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland’s longest building; built in Victorian times Virgin psychiatric hospitals now restored and converted to a housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect William Atkins.

Cork’s most famous building is the church tower Shandon, which dominates the north side of the city. It is widely regarded as a symbol of the city. The northern and eastern sides faced in red sandstone, and the western and southern sides are clad in the predominant stone of the region, white limestone. At the top is a vane in the form of an eleven foot salmon.  ^[49]

Cork City Hall, another notable building of limestone, replaced the previous one destroyed by the Black and Tans during the War of Independence in an event called “Burning of Cork”.  ^[20] The cost of this new building was provided by the British government in the 1930s as a gesture of reconciliation.  ^[50]

St Finbarre cathedral

Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort, the Cork Opera House, Christchurch on South Main Street (now Triskel Arts Centre and original site of early Hiberno-Norse church), St. Mary’s Dominican Church of the Popes Quay and Fitzgerald Park to the west of the city, contains Cork Public Museum .Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork, through which the river Lee flows, the angling lake called the Lough, women’s Gaol at Sundays Well (now a heritage center) and English market. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the current building dates from 1786.  ^[51]

Until April 2009, there were also two large commercial breweries in the city.The Beamish and Crawford on South Main Street was closed in April 2009 and transferred production to Murphy’s brewery in Lady source. This brewery also produces Heineken for the Irish market. There are also Franciscan Well Brewery, serving the local market with a variety of lagers, ales and stouts. In May 2008 it was awarded as “Best Microbrewery in Ireland” by Food and Wine Magazine.

Local governments and politics

Cork City Hall reflected the River Lee. Elysian Tower, Ireland’s tallest building, can be seen in the background.
With a population of 119,230, is Cork the second most populous city in the state and the 16th most populous area of the local authorities.  ^[58]  As of the Local Government Act 2001  , Cork City Council is a group -a unit of local government with the same legal status as a county.

While local authorities in Ireland have limited powers in comparison with other countries, the Council has responsibility for planning, roads, sewers, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions.Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing the six electoral avvärjer.Medlemmarna are connected to the following political parties: Fine Gael (5 members), Fianna Fáil (10 members), Sinn Féin (8 members), Anti-Austerity Alliance (3 members) , Labour party (1 member), Independents (4 members).  ^[59]  Certain Council co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the Council under the D’Hondt system counts.  ^{[60] [61]}

The administrative offices for Cork County Council are also located within the city limits.  ^[62]

For the purposes of elections to Dáil Éireann, the city is part of two constituencies: Cork North-Central and Cork South Central was back four TDs. After the 2016 general election, these constituencies together returned two TDs for the Fine Gael party, three for Fianna Fáil, two for Sinn Féin and the Anti-austerity Alliance-People before profit.

Economy

Winthrop Street in Cork city center

Retail

Main article: Economy of Cork

Castle Street

The retail trade in Cork include a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centers and family owned local shops. Department stores cater to all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping can be found in many of Cork’s suburbs, including Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon Point. Others are available in the center. These include the recently  ^{[ when?  ]}  Completed the development of two large department stores in Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street, and new retail street called “Opera Lane” off St. Patrick Street / Academy Street.Grand Parade system, on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex plans approved for 60,000 square feet (5,600 m  ²  ) of retail space, with work commencing in 2016. ^[63]  Cork’s main shopping street is St. Patrick Street and is the most expensive street in the country per square meter. Meters after Dublin’s Grafton Street. From 2015, this area has been affected by the post-2008 downturn, with many retail space available to let.  ^{[  Citation needed  ]}  Other shopping areas in the city center include Oliver Plunkett St. and the Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country’s leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores placed in the city.Outside the city center, Mahon Point Shopping Centre.

Industry

Murphy’s Stout 1919 ad for the famous Cork brewery.

Cork City is the center of industry in southern Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis is a major employer in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc., where over 3,000 people are involved in manufacturing, research and development and customer support.  ^[64]  Logitech and EMC Corporation are also key IT employers in the area.  ^{[65] [66]}  Three hospitals also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below).

The city is also home to the Heineken brewery that brews Murphy’s Irish Stout and the nearby Beamish and Crawford brewery (taken over by Heineken in 2008) that has been in the city for generations. 45% of the world’s Tic Tac sweets manufactured in the city Ferrero factory.  ^[67]  For many years, Cork was home to the Ford Motor Company, which manufactured cars in the port area before the plant was closed in 1984. Henry Ford ‘grandfather was from west Cork, who was a of the main reasons for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork.  ^[68]  But technology has replaced the old manufacturing businesses of the 1970s and 1980s, with people now working in the many IT centers of such – the city of Amazon.com, the online retailer , established in Cork Airport Business Park.^[69]

Cork’s deep harbor allows ships of all sizes to get in, which trade and easy import / export of products. Cork Airport also allows easy access to continental Europe and Cork Kent railway station in the city center provides good rail links for domestic trade.

Employment

According to the survey 2011 2011 Cork City Employment and land use, the single largest employers in the city (each with over 1000 employees) include Cork University Hospital, Apple Inc, University College Cork, Boston Scientific, Cork City Council, Cork Institute of Technology, Bon Secours Hospital, Cork, retailer Supervalu and Centra, the Irish Defence forces at Collins Barracks, and Mercy University Hospital.  ^[70]

Transport

Air

Cork Airport

Main article: Cork Airport

Cork Airport is one of Ireland’s main airports. It is located on the south side of Cork City in an area known as Ballygarvan. Over 15 airlines flying to over 68 destinations with over 60 flights per day. Regular airlines using Cork airport include Aer Lingus, Aer Lingus Regional operated by Stobart Air, CityJet, Flybe, Iberia Express and Ryanair.

Bus

The long-distance bus terminal at Parnell Place

Public bus transport in the city is provided by the national bus operator Bus Éireann. City routes are numbered from 201 to 219 and connect the center to the principal suburbs, schools, shopping centers and places of interest.  ^[71] Two of these bus lines provide orbital services in northern and southern districts respectively. Buses to the outer suburbs, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton and Carrigaline are provided from the city’s bus terminal at Parnell Place in the center. Suburban includes transfer to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only.

Long distance buses depart from the bus terminal in Parnell Place to destinations throughout Ireland. Hourly services go to Killarney / Tralee, Waterford, Athlone and Shannon Airport / Limerick / Galway and there are six services daily to Dublin. There is also a daily Eurolines bus service that connects Cork to Victoria Coach Station in London via South Wales and Bristol.

Private operators include Irish Citylink, Aircoach and Dublin coach. Irish Citylink earns Limerick and Galway. Aircoach runs a non-stop express service serving Dublin city center and Dublin Airport 18 times daily in each direction. Dublin Coach earn Dublin via Dungarvan, Waterford and Kilkenny.

Ferry

See also: Port of Cork

Cross River Ferry, from Rushbrooke to Passage West, links R624 to R610.This service is useful when trying to avoid traffic congestion in the Jack Lynch Tunnel and Dunkettle area.  ^[72]  The port of Cork is påRingaskiddy, 16 kilometers (10 miles) SE via the N28. There are direct connections to France and Britain. A Water Taxi is also proposed to link the city with towns in the lower harbor.  ^{[73] [74]}

Road

Patrick Bridge

Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years. For example, Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s, to link the Kinsale Road roundabout in the center. Shortly thereafter, the first parts of the southern ring two-lane opened. Work continued in the 1990s to extend the N25 South Ring Road, with the opening of the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee is a significant addition. Kinsale Road flyover opened in August 2006 to remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney. Other projects completed at this time include the N20 Blackpool bypass and the N20 Cork Mallow road projects. The N22 Ballincollig dual carriageway bypass, which links to the west of Cork Southern Ring Road was opened in September 2004. City Centre road improvements include the Patrick St. project – which reconstructed the street with a pedestrian focus.The M8 motorway links Cork to Dublin.

Cork City Council supports a carpool system operated by Mendes GoCar in partnership with Cambio Mobility Services. There are several bases in Cork. ^[75]

From 2012, the cycle paths and cycle stands placed in a number of areas, making the city more bicycle-friendly.  ^[76]  Then in 2014, a public bike rental system was launched. The system is powered by a Rothar Nua on behalf of the National Transport Authority, with funding supplemented by an advertising sponsor.  ^[77]

Rail

Railway and tramway heritage

Cork was one of the most rail oriented cities in Ireland, with eight stations at different times. The highway, still very same day, from Dublin Heuston.Originally completed on the city’s outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the center terminal of the Kent Station via the Glanmire tunnel. Now a through station, line by Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city. This is also linked to the coastal town of Youghal, until the 1980s.  ^{[  Citation needed  ]}

Other railroads terminating or serving Cork was  Cork, Blackrock and Passage Railway  , a line Macroom, the Cork and Muskerry Light Railway to Blarney, Coach Ford and Donoughmore, as well as Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway connecting Bantry, Skibbereen, Clonakilty and many other West Cork cities. West Cork trains terminated at Albert Quay, across the river from Kent Station (although a rail system in the street connecting the two rolling stock and cargo handling).

Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city’s railway terminals) conducted by the American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. But ceased now trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line, mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of track – even if they were added to the Irish national gauge of 5ft 3in – stack from the road surface.  ^{[  Needed citation  ]}

In December 1898 in Cork electric tramways and Lighting Company began operations on the Blackpool-Douglas, Summer-Sunday’s Well and Tivoli -Blackrock roads. Increased use of cars and buses in the 1920s led to a reduction in the use of trams, as discontinued operations permanently on 30 September 1931.

Plans to build a type Luas tram in the city has been put on hold because of the 2008 Irish economic crisis, and sufficient funding is not expected to be available until at least 2017.  ^[78]

The wider urban area, including the city’s suburbs are served by three railway stations. These are Cork Kent Train Station, Little Island train station and Glounthaune railway station.

The usual

Cork Kent Station is the main station in the city. From here, services runs to destinations throughout Ireland. The main line from Cork to Dublin, has hourly departures on the half hour from Cork. InterCity services are also available förKilarney and Tralee, Limerick, Ennis, Athenry and Galway (via Limerick Junction Limerick to Galway rail line)  ^[79]

Cork is also linked from Limerick Junction with connections to the Clonmel and Waterford.

The Cork commuter rail system also differs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork. Stations include Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh. In July 2009 Glounthaune Midleton line was opened, with new stations at Carrigtwohill and Midleton (future stations planned for Kilbarry, Monard, Carrigtwohill West and Blarney).  ^[80]  Little Island train station serving Cork eastern suburbs, while the Kilbarry train station planned to serve the northern suburbs.

Training

University College Cork

See also: Education in Cork and Category: secondary schools in County Cork

Cork is an important educational center in Ireland – there are over 30,000 third level students in the city, including 1200 graduate students, which is the highest rate per capita in Ireland. ^{[  Citation needed  ]}  Over 10% of the population in the metropolitan area are students of University College Cork (UCC) and Cork Institute of Technology (CIT), including nearly 3,000 international students from over 100 different countries.  ^[81]

UCC is a constituent of the University of the National University of Ireland, and offers courses in arts, commerce, engineering, law, medicine and science. The university was named “Irish University of the Year” four times since 2003, most recently in 2016.  ^[82]  Cork Institute of Technology (CIT) was named Irish “Institute of Technology of the Year” 2007, 2010 and 2016 and offers three courses in Computing and IT, Business, aesthetic and engineering (mechanical, electronic, electrical and chemical).

The National Maritime College of Ireland are also in Cork and is the only college in Ireland where nautical studies and Marine Engineering can be implemented. CIT also contains the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as opening schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the largest after the Leaving Certificate College in Ireland and is also the largest provider of vocational and training programs in the country. ^{[  Citation needed  ]}  Other 3rd level institutions include Griffith College Cork, a private institution, and various other colleges .

Research linked to the third level colleges in the city to support research and innovation capacity in the city and the region. For example, the Tyndall National Institute (hardware research ICT), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environment Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering).  ^[81]  UCC and CIT also has start-ups incubation centers. In the UCC, Ignite Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to promote and support entrepreneurship.  ^[83]  In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge-based start-ups.  ^[84]

Sports 

See also: List of Cork people – Sports

Rugby, Gaelic football, hurling and association football are popular sporting pastime for Corkonians.

Gaelic game 

Spectators watch Cork take on Kerry påPairc Uí Chaoimh in the city

Main article: Cork GAA

Hurling and football is the most popular spectator sports in the city. Hurling has a strong identity with the city and county – with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships. Gaelic football is also popular, and Cork have won seven All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles. There are many Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in Cork City, including Blackrock National Hurling Club, St. Finbarr’s, Glen Rovers, Na Piarsaigh and Nemo Rangers.The main public places is Pairc Uí Chaoimh and Pairc Uí Rinn (named after the noted Glen Rovers Player Christy Ring). Camogie (sling for men) and women’s Gaelic football is gaining popularity.

Cork City FC line out against Red Star Belgrade in a 2006 Champions League qualifier

Association football 

Main article: League of Ireland in Cork

Cork City FC was founded in 1984 is the largest and most successful association football team in Cork, winning two League of Ireland titles, two FAI Cup titles and an “All Ireland” Setanta Sports Cup titel.De play their home matches on the south side of the city in Turner Cross. Association football is also played by amateur and school clubs around the city as well as in the “five-a-side” style leagues.

Rugby 

Rugby union is played at various levels, from school to higher league level.There are two first division clubs in Cork city. Cork Constitution (three-time All Ireland league champions) play their home games in Ballintemple and Dolphin RFC play at home in Musgrave Park. Other notable rugby clubs in the city include, Highfield, Sunday source and UCC. At school level, Christian Brothers College and Presentation Brothers College are two of the country’s more famous rugby nurseries.

Munster Rugby plays half of its home games in the Magners League at Musgrave Park in Ballyphehane. In recent Heineken Cup matches have also been played at Musgrave Park, but due to capacity issues, they are now played at Thomond Park in Limerick. In May 2006 and again in May 2008 Munster became the Heineken Cup champions, with many players came from Cork city and county.

Cork’s rugby league team, Cork Bulls, was formed in 2010 and plays in Munster Conference for Irish Elite Series.

water sports 

There are a variety of water sports in Cork, including rowing and sailing.There are five rowing clubs train on the River Lee, including Shandon BC, RC UCC, Pres RC, RC Lee, Cork BC. Naomhóga Chorcaí is a rowing club whose members range of traditional naomhóga Lee in individual competitions.”Ocean City” race has been held annually since 2005 and attracts teams and boats from local and visiting clubs that line 24 kilometers (15 mi) from Crosshaven in Cork city center.  ^[85]  The decision to move the National Rowing center to Inniscarra  ^[86]  has increased numbers involved in the sport.  ^{[  citation needed  ]}  Cork’s maritime sailing heritage maintained by their yacht clubs. The Royal Cork Yacht Club is located in Crosshaven (outside the city) is the world’s oldest yacht clubs, and “Cork Week” is a remarkable sailing events.  ^[87]

Cricket 

Mardyke, home of Cork County Cricket Club

The most notable cricket club in Cork is Cork County Cricket Club, founded in 1874. Although located in Munster jurisdiction club playing in the Leinster Senior League.  ^[88]  The club plays at Mardyke, a foundation to host three first-class matches in 1947, in 1961 and 1973. All three involved Ireland play Scotland.  ^[89]  the Cork Cricket Academy operates within the city, with the express purpose of introducing the sport to schools in the city and county. ^[90]  Cork’s other main cricket club, Harlequins Cricket Club, playing close Cork Airport.  ^[91]

Other sports 

There Cork clubs active nationally in basketball (Neptune and UCC Demons) and golf, pitch and putt, ultimate frisbee, hockey, tennis and athletics clubs in the Cork area.

The city is also home to the road bowling, played in the north side and south suburbs. There are also boxing and martial arts clubs (including Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo) within the city. Cork Racing, a motorsports team in Cork,  ^[92]  has competed in the Irish Formula Ford Championship since 2005. Cork also hosts one of Ireland’s most successful Australian Rules Football team,  ^[93]  leeward Lions, who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premier four times (2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007).  ^{[93] [94]}  there are also inline roller sports such as hockey and figure skating, which transfer to the ice during the winter season.  ^{[  citation needed ]}

Demography 

Cork in the evenings

The population of Cork City and its immediate suburbs was 198,582 according to the census of 2011.  ^[95]

There were 119.230 people currently in Cork City Council administered area at the time of the census of 2011, 117,221 of these indicated that they were usually present in Cork.I like other Irish cities, the female population (50.67%) higher than the male population (49.33%), although the difference is slightly less than in other cities.

Of the habitual residence, 110 192 (94.00%) said they were white, 2623 (2.24%) that they were Asian, 1104 (0.94%) that they were black, while the 3302 (2.82%) not indicate ethnicity. 100 901 (86.08%) were Irish citizens;10,295 (8.78%) were citizens of other EU countries; 4316 (3.68%) were citizens of countries elsewhere in the world; 1709 (1.46%) did not disclose their nationality.  ^[97]

In the 2006 census, has no separate figures indicated Cork City, but for the greater Cork, 94.51% identified as White, 1.13% is identified as black, 1.33% identified as Asian, 1.11% is identified as Other / Mixed, while 1.91% did not state the ethnicity. In terms of nationality, the figures were 88.78% Irish, was 6.56% other EU nationals, was 3.45% citizens of countries elsewhere in the world, and 1.20% did not state their nationality.  ^[98]

Although the Census of Ireland 2011 counted 119.230 people in Cork, there are more than 300,000 in the Metropolitan Cork area.  ^[99]  Total Cork is 86.1% White Irish, 8.8% Other White, 2.2% Asian and 0.9 % black.  ^{[  Quote necessary  ]}

Notable residents 

See also: List of Cork people

See also 

• List of civil parishes in County Cork
• List of townlands of the barony of Cork in Cork
• List of twinning in Ireland
• Sheriff of Cork City

further reading 

• Merchants, mystics and philanthropists – 350 years of Cork Quakers Richard S. Harrison Published by Cork Monthly Meeting, Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), 2006 ISBN 978-0-9539542-1-6
• Atlas of Cork City  , edited John Crowley, Robert Devoy, Denis Linehan and Patrick O’Flanagan. Illustrated by Michael Murphy. Cork University Press, 2005, ISBN 1-85918-380-8.
• A new history of Cork  , Henry A. Jefferies. History Press Ireland, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84588-984-5.
• Cork Rock: From Rory Gallagher Sultans of Ping  , Mark McAvoy.Published by Mercier Press (2009) ISBN 978-1-85635-655-8.
• Where Bridges Stand: River Lee bridges of Cork City  , Antóin O’Callaghan. History Press Ireland, 2012, ISBN 978-1-84588-746-9.
• Cork City Through Time  , Kieran McCarthy & Daniel Breen. Stroud Amberley, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4456-1142-6.

References 

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89. Jump up ^  “First class matches played Mardyke, Cork”. CricketArchive .Hämtad June 10, 2011.
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County Cork  (Irish:  Contae Chorcaí  ) is the largest and southernmost county in Ireland. Located in the province of Munster, is named after the city of Cork (Irish:  Corcaigh  ). Cork County Council is the local authority for the county. The largest towns are Cork City, Carrigaline and Ballincollig. In 2016, the county’s population was 542,196, making it the second most populated counties of the Republic of Ireland.  ^[1]

Local authorities and political subdivisions

There are two local authorities whose responsibility collectively covers the geographical area of the county and the city of Cork. The county, excluding Cork, administered by Cork County Council, while the city is administered separately by Cork City Council. Both the city and county is part of the South-West Region. For standardized European statistical purposes both Cork County Council and Cork City Council rank as the first level local administrative units NUTS 3 Southwest Region. There are 34 such LAU 1 units in Ireland.

Each municipality is responsible for certain local services within its jurisdiction, such as sanitation, planning and development, libraries, collection of motor taxation, local roads and social housing.

For elections to Dáil Éireann, the county is divided into five constituencies- Cork East, Cork North-Central, Cork North West, Cork South Central and Cork South-West. Together returned 19 deputies (TDs) to the Dáil. The county is part of the South constituency for the application of the EU elections.

For other than municipal purposes, such as formation of sports teams, the term “County Cork” is often considered to encompass both the city and county.

Geography and political subdivisions

County Cork is located in the province of Munster. It borders four other County Kerry in the west, Limerick in the north, to the northeast Tipperary and Waterford in the east. Cork is the largest county in the state by land area.It is the largest of Munster’s 6 counties of both population and area. The population of the city of Cork amounted to 125,622 in 2016. The population of the county is 542,196 making it the state’s second most populous province and the third most populous county in the island of Ireland. The mission Cork County Council includes some suburbs of the city is not in the area of Cork City Council.

baronies

See also: List of baronies in Ireland

There are 24 historic baronies in the county, the most of any county in Ireland. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by the placenta Orders made since 2003, where the official Irish name baronies listed.

• Bantry (Irish:  Beanntraí  )
• Barrett (Irish:  Baróidigh  )
• Barrymore (Irish:  Barraigh Mhóra  )
• Bear (Irish:  Bearra  )
• Carbery East, East Division (Irish:  Cairbrigh Thoir, an Roinn Thoir  )
• Carbery East West Division (Irish:  Cairbrigh Thoir, an Roinn Thiar  )
• Carbery West, East Division (Irish:  Cairbrigh Thiar, an Roinn Thoir  )
• Carbery West, West Division (Irish:  Cairbrigh Thiar, an Roinn Thiar  )
• Condon, Clan Gibbon (Irish:  Condúnaigh Agus Clann Ghiobúin  )
• Cork City (Irish:  Cathair Chorcaí  )
• Cork (Irish:  Corcaigh  )
• Courceys (Irish:  Cúrsaigh  )
• Duhallow (Irish:  Dúiche Ealla  )
• Fermoy (Irish:  Fermoy  )
• Ibane and Barryroe (Irish:  Uí Bhamhna Agus Barraigh Rua  )
• Imokilly (Irish:  Uí Mhic coille  )
• Kerrycurrihy (Irish:  Ciarrai Cuirche  )
• Kinalea (Irish:  Cineál Aodha  )
• Kinalmeaky (Irish:  Cineál mBéice  )
• Kinnatalloon (Irish:  Coill na Talún  )
• Kinsale (Irish:  Cionn tSáile  )
• Muskerry East (Irish:  Múscraí Thoir  )
• Muskerry West (Irish:  Múscraí Thiar  )
• Orrery and Kilmore (Irish:  Orbhraí agus An Choill Mhor  )

Civil parishes and townlands

Main article: List of civil parishes in County Cork

See also: List of townlands in County Cork

There are 253 civil parishes in the county.  ^[2]

Town’s are the smallest, officially defined geographic divisions in Sweden;There are about 5447 townlands in the county.

Mountains and mountain environments

The county’s main mountain ranges include Slieve Miskish and Caha Mountains on the Beara Peninsula, the Ballyhoura Mountains on the border of Limerick and Shehybergen as innehållerKnockboy (706 m), the highest point in Cork. The Shehybergen is on the verge of Kerry and can be reached from the area known as Priest’s Leap, near the village Coomhola. The Galtee mountains above parts of Tipperary, Limerick and Cork and is Ireland’s highest inland mountain range. The mountain areas in Ballyhoura, Boggeragh, Derrynasaggart and Mullaghareirk Mountain ranges add to the variety of habitats found in the county. Important habitats in the highlands include blanket bog, heath, glacial lakes and mountain grasslands. Cork has 13 highest county peak in Ireland.

Rivers and Lakes

The three major rivers: Bandon, Blackwater and Lee and their valleys dominate the center of Cork. Habitat in Dalarna and floodplains includes forests, marshes, bogs and species-rich limestone grasslands. Bandon River flows through many towns, including Dunmanway in the west to the town of Bandon before draining into Kinsale Harbour on the south coast of Ireland.Cork has two well-known sea Lough, Lough Hyne and Lough Mahon, and also contains many small lakes. An area has been set up where the River Lee breaks into a network of canals weaving through a series of forest islands.There are 85 hectares of swamps around Cork wooded area. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a survey of surface waters in the county Cork, between 1995 and 1997 identified 125 rivers and 32 lakes that are covered by the rules.

Coastal

Mizen Head, the most south-westerly point in both Cork and Ireland.

See also: List of islands in Ireland

Cork has a mountainous and flat landscape with many beaches and sea cliffs along the coast. Southwest Ireland is known for its peninsulas and some in Cork include the Beara Peninsula, the Sheep’s Head, Mizen Head and Brow Head. Brow Head is the most southerly point of mainland Ireland. There are many islands off the coast of the county, especially off West Cork. Carbery’s Hundred Isles, the islands in the vicinity of Long Island Bay and Roaringwater Bay. Fastnet Rock is located in the Atlantic Ocean 11.3 km south of Ireland mainland, making it the most southerly point of Ireland. Many famous islands lie outside Cork, including Bere, Large, Sherkin and Cape Clear. Cork is 1.094 km coastline, the second longest coastal any county after Mayo, which is 1.168 km.

Land and Forestry

Like many parts of Munster, Cork has rich fertile farmland and many bog and peatland. Cork has around 74,000 hectares of peatlands, which amounts to 9.8% of the county’s total land area. And the county contains approximately 79,188 hectares (195.680 acres) of forest and wooded area, or 10.5% of the land area of Cork, higher than the national average of 9%.

Wildlife

The hooded crow,  Corvus cornix  is a common bird, especially in areas closer to the coast. Because of this bird’s ability to (rarely) prey on small lambs, have gun clubs Cork County killed a large number of these birds in modern times.  ^[3]  A collection of marine algae are housed in the Herbarium of Botany Department of the University College Cork.  ^[4]  parts of the South West coastline are hotspots for sightings of rare birds, with Cape Clear is a great location for bird watching. The island is also home to one of only a few gannet colonies around Ireland and the UK. A major attraction to the coast of Cork is whale watching, with sightings of fin whales, basking sharks, pilot whales, minke whales, and other species be secure.

History

1491 Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The cork of people struggled with Perkin because he was French and not English, they were the only county in Ireland to join the fight. The mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. Cork’s nickname of the “rebel city” has its origin in these händelser.Länet is colloquially called “The Rebel County”, but unique Cork does not have an official motto. This name has 15th Century origins, but from the 20th century, the name is more commonly attributed to the prominent role played Cork in the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) when it was the scene of major battles. Moreover, it was an anti-treaty stronghold during the Irish Civil War (1922-1923). Much of what is now County Cork was once part of the Kingdom  Deas Mumhan (South Munster), Anglicized as “Desmond”, controlled by the MacCarthy Mór dynasty. After the Norman invasion in the 12th century, was the McCarthy clan pushed west to what is now West Cork and County Kerry.Dunlough castle, standing just north of Mizen Head is one of the oldest castles in Ireland (AD 1207). North and east of Cork was taken by Hiberno-Norman FitzGerald dynasty, who became the Earls of Desmond. Cork City received an English Royal Charter in 1318 and for many centuries was an outpost of the old English kultur.Fitzgerald Desmond dynasty was destroyed in the Desmond Rebellions of 1569-1573 and 1579-1583. A large part of County Cork was devastated in the fighting, especially in the second Desmond Rebellions. In the aftermath, much of Cork was colonized by English settlers in the Plantation of Munster.  ^{[ Citation needed ]}  

In 1601 the decisive Battle of Kinsale took place in County Cork, which would lead to English domination of Ireland for centuries. Kinsale had been the scene of a landing of Spanish troops to help the Irish rebels INIO-year war (1594-1603). When this force defeated the rebel hopes for victory in the war was all but finished. County Cork officially created by a division of the older County Desmond 1606th

In the 19th century, Cork was a center for the Fenians and for the constitutional nationalism of the Irish parliamentary party from 1910 as the All-for-Ireland Party. The county was a hotbed of guerrilla activity during the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921). Three Cork Brigades of the Irish Republican Army operated in the county and another in the city. Prominent actions included the Kilmichael Ambush in November 1920 and the Cross Barry Ambush in March 1921. The activity of IRA flying columns, such as the Tom Barry in west Cork, popularized in the Ken Loach film  The Price of Freedom  . On 11 December 1920 Cork City center was gutted by fires started by the Black and Tans in retaliation for IRA attacks. Destroyed over 300 buildings, many other towns and villages around the county suffered a similar fate, including Fermoy.  ^[6]

During the Irish Civil War (1922-1923), most of the IRA units in Cork sided against the Anglo-Irish Treaty. From July to August 1922 they held the city and county as part of the so-called Munster Republic. However, Cork was taken by troops of the Irish Free State in August 1922 in the Irish Free State offensive, that included both land and seaborne attacks. For the rest of the war, the county saw sporadic guerrilla fighting until the Anti-Treaty called a truce, and dumped their arms in May 1923. Michael Collins, a key figure in the Revolutionary War, was born near Clonakilty and murdered during the civil war in Béal na Bláth, both in West Cork.

Irish

County Cork has two Gaeltacht areas where Irish is the primary medium of everyday speech. These are Múscraí (Muskerry) in the northern part of the county, especially the villages of Cill Na Martra (Ballyvourney), Baile Bhúirne (Kilnamartyra), Cúil Aodha (Coolea), Béal Átha an Ghaorthaidh (Ballingeary), and Cape Clear Island (Cape Clear Island) an island in the West.

There are 14.829 Irish language speakers in County Cork with 3,660 native speakers in Cork Gaeltacht. Moreover, there are 6273 participating in 21 Gaelscoileanna and six Gaelcholáistí throughout the county.  ^[7]  According to the Irish census of 2006, there are 4,896 people in the county who identify themselves as daily Irish speakers outside the education system.

Ballingeary is a major center for Irish-language teaching, with an active summer school, Coláiste na Mumhan or College of Munster.

Anthem

The song “The Banks of my own lovely Lee” is the song that traditionally associated with the county. It is often heard on the GAA and other sports equipment includes the county.  ^[8]

Media

There are several media publications printed and distributed in County Cork.These include publications from Thomas Crosbie Holdings, most notably the Irish Examiner  (formerly the Cork Examiner) and its sister newspaper, the  Evening Echo . Local and regional newspapers include  Cork News  ,  ^[9]Carrigdhoun  , the  Cork Independent  ,  The Corkman  the  Mallow Star  , the Douglas Post  , the  East Cork newspaper  and  Southern Star  . 

Radio stations in the county include: Cork 96FM and dual-Series C103 (formerly 103FM County Sound), CRY 104.0FM, Red FM, and Life FM.

Tourist attractions

Attractions include the Blarney Stone and Cobh, the port where many Irish emigrants boarded for their trip to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa or the United States and also the last stop of  the Titanic  , before departing on their predetermined trip. It is home to the world’s oldest Yacht Club, Cork Yacht Club in Crosshaven Royal.

Fota Island is a tourist attraction due to Fota Wildlife Park is the only zoo in Ireland, Fota House and Gardens and Fota Golf Club and Resort; a European Tour standard golf course which has also hosted the Irish Open in recent times.

West Cork is a popular destination for British, German, French and Dutch tourists who visit the small villages and islands at Carbery’s Hundred Isles including Sherkin Island, Cape Clear Island or Cape Clear Island and Dursey Island. Mizen Head, the “south-westerly point of Ireland” is also in West Cork, as is Sheep’s Head. Lough Hyne (Irish:  Loch Oighinn  ) is a marine lake in West Cork, Ireland, about 5 km southwest of Skibbereen. West Cork is known for its rugged scenery, beautiful beaches and clear social atmosphere.

In 2010 Cork-Swansea route re-opened to allow tourists and visitors to travel from Cork to Swansea.  ^[10]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Cork

The South-West region includes the counties of Cork and Kerry contribute € million 24,877 ($ 39,300 million) (2005 values in 2008 currency) against the Irish GDP.  ^[11]  The port area to the immediate east of the city is home to a large number of pharmaceutical and medical business. Mahon Point Shopping Centre Cork is the largest and Munster’s second largest shopping center with over 75 stores including a retail park.

Transport

Cork’s main transport served from:

• Air:  Cork International Airport.
• Rail:  Iarnród Éireann’s InterCity, Commuter and freight train traffic.
• Sea:  Port of Cork in Cork Harbour.

Demography

Cork City is the only city in the county and the second most populous city in Ireland, with a population of 125,622 according to the 2016 Census. Cork is the third most populous city on the island of Ireland. According to the 2006 census statistics, the county has 11 cities with a population of over 4000. County Cork has a population of 542,196 making it the second most populated county in Ireland and the third most populous county in the island of Ireland. The county has a population density of 72 people / km  ²  . A large part of the population lives in urban areas.

People

Common surnames in the county include Buckley, Callaghan, Connell, Connolly, Connor Corcoran, Cotter, Crowley, Fleming, Hurley Lane, Lynch, McAuliffe, McCarthy, Moriarty, Murphy O’Connor, O’Leary, O’Sullivan, Sheehan Smith and Walsh. Norman’s name in connection with the county include Barry Keating, Fitzgerald and Savage.  ^{[12] [13]} 

See also

• High Sheriff of County Cork
• List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (Cork)
• Lord Lieutenant of Cork
• Regional accents of English
• Wild Atlantic Way

References

1. Jump up ^ [1] Statistics. Retrieved: 16 July, 2016.
2. Jump up ^  “placental Database of Ireland. Retrieved January 21, 2012 “.Logainm.ie. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
3. Jump up ^ Michael Hogan. 2009.  Hooded Crow Corvus cornix  , GlobalTwitcher.com, oath, N. Stromberg
4. Jump up ^ Cullinane, JP 1973  Phycology of the South Coast of Ireland. University College Cork
5. Jump up ^ for post 1821 figures in 1653 and 1659 figures from the Civil Survey Census of those years Paper Mr. Hardinge Royal Irish Academy March 14, 1865 for a discussion of the accuracy of pre-famine census return see JJ Lee “On the accuracy of pre-famine Irish bills “in the Irish population, economy and society, edited by JM Gold Strom and LA Clarkson (1981) and P54 in new development in the Irish population history from 1700 to 1850 by Joel Mokyr ochCormac Ó GRADA in the Economic history Review, new series vol. 37 No. 4, p. (1984 November), 473-488.
6. Jump up ^  “Rebelcork.com”. Rebelcork.com. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
7. Jump up ^  “Oideachas Trí Mheán na Gaeilge in Éirinn said Ghalltacht 2010-2011” (PDF) (in Irish). gaelscoileanna.ie. 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
8. Jump up ^  “Corkindependent.com”. Corkindependent.com. August 27, 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
9. Jump up ^  “Thecorknews.ie”. Thecorknews.ie. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
10. Jump up ^  “Cork to Swansea Ferry”. Fastnet Line. 16 February 2010.
11. Jump up ^  Cork / Kerry GDP PDF (309 KB)
12. Jump up ^  “Irish Ancestors / Co Cork “. Irishtimes.com.
13. Jump up ^  “Cork”. Irishgenealogy.com.